Bus anti-harassment design based on natural surveillance theory innovative exploration of spatial layout and product service system

Research Article
Open access

Bus anti-harassment design based on natural surveillance theory innovative exploration of spatial layout and product service system

Xinyu Li 1*
  • 1 Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China    
  • *corresponding author lxy5027@gmail.com
AHR Vol.12 Issue 2
ISSN (Print): 2753-7099
ISSN (Online): 2753-7080

Abstract

Enhancing the social inclusivity of public transportation from a perspective of gender equality has become more significant in the context of China's rapidly expanding urbanization. However, female commuters’ personal safety is severely impacted by sexual harassment, which is pervasive in public transportation, especially during the summer and rush hours in densely populated first- and second-tier cities. The challenges confronting efforts to address this issue are manifold, including insufficient law enforcement, the particular spatial constraints of public transportation, and people’s weak awareness of protecting women’s rights. This study focuses on the prevention of sexual harassment on buses from the perspective of spatial design to address the behavioral patterns and psychological needs of female commuters and proposes a product-service system based on the theory of natural surveillance. Consisting of a spatial layout design module, three product modules, and a software module, the system improves natural surveillance within the space to deter potential offenders by optimizing the arrangement of hardware facilities, guiding passenger orientation, and improving visibility. Its overall design centers on spatial layout and integrates functions of products and service to prevent crimes before they start. Furthermore, this study innovatively introduces crime prevention theories in environmental design to propose high-quality and visually appealing solutions as alternatives to traditional defensive measures. In addition to being applicable to public transportation, the research findings may also be applied to other public areas to improve the protection of women.

Keywords:

public transportation product design, sexual harassment prevention, natural surveillance theory, environmental facility spatial design, women's safety system design

Li,X. (2025). Bus anti-harassment design based on natural surveillance theory innovative exploration of spatial layout and product service system. Advances in Humanities Research,12(2),40-54.
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References

[1]. Li, L. X., & Zheng, Y. Q. (2020). Women's safety and public space design. Urban Architecture, 17(22), 158–161.

[2]. Bai, R. (2009). Space, body, and the neglected female [Master's thesis]. Minzu University of China.

[3]. Cozens, P. M., Saville, G., & Hillier, D. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328–356.

[4]. Cozens, P., & Love, T. (2015). A review and current status of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 393–412.

[5]. Dunckel-Graglia, A. (2013). Women-only transportation: How “pink” public transportation changes public perception of women’s mobility. Journal of Public Transportation, 16(2), 85–105.

[6]. Gekoski, A., Gray, J. M., Horvath, M. A. H., Edwards, S., Emirali, A., Adler, J, R. (2015). What works in reducing sexual harassment and sexual offences on public transport nationally and internationally: A rapid evidence assessment. [Unpublished manuscript].

[7]. Hoor-Ul-Ain, S. (2020). Public sexual harassment mayhem on public transport in megacities - Karachi and London: A comparative review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 52, Article 101420.

[8]. He, Y. (2021). Optimization strategies for public space in subway stations from a female perspective: A case study of Chengdu. Urban Architecture, 18(3), 95–98.

[9]. Margaret Brown. (2021). Sexual Harassment and Assault in Government Agencies. [EB/OL]. ISBN: 978-1-53619-576-7

Cite this article

Li,X. (2025). Bus anti-harassment design based on natural surveillance theory innovative exploration of spatial layout and product service system. Advances in Humanities Research,12(2),40-54.

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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Journal：Advances in Humanities Research

Volume number: Vol.12
Issue number: Issue 2
ISSN：2753-7080(Print) / 2753-7099(Online)

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References

[1]. Li, L. X., & Zheng, Y. Q. (2020). Women's safety and public space design. Urban Architecture, 17(22), 158–161.

[2]. Bai, R. (2009). Space, body, and the neglected female [Master's thesis]. Minzu University of China.

[3]. Cozens, P. M., Saville, G., & Hillier, D. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328–356.

[4]. Cozens, P., & Love, T. (2015). A review and current status of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 393–412.

[5]. Dunckel-Graglia, A. (2013). Women-only transportation: How “pink” public transportation changes public perception of women’s mobility. Journal of Public Transportation, 16(2), 85–105.

[6]. Gekoski, A., Gray, J. M., Horvath, M. A. H., Edwards, S., Emirali, A., Adler, J, R. (2015). What works in reducing sexual harassment and sexual offences on public transport nationally and internationally: A rapid evidence assessment. [Unpublished manuscript].

[7]. Hoor-Ul-Ain, S. (2020). Public sexual harassment mayhem on public transport in megacities - Karachi and London: A comparative review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 52, Article 101420.

[8]. He, Y. (2021). Optimization strategies for public space in subway stations from a female perspective: A case study of Chengdu. Urban Architecture, 18(3), 95–98.

[9]. Margaret Brown. (2021). Sexual Harassment and Assault in Government Agencies. [EB/OL]. ISBN: 978-1-53619-576-7

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