Research Article
Open access
Published on 21 October 2024
Download pdf
Yang,Z. (2024). Defining China’s Smart Power in Science and Technology. Advances in Social Behavior Research,11,85-90.
Export citation

Defining China’s Smart Power in Science and Technology

Zhuoran Yang *,1,
  • 1 Qufu Normal University

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7102/11/2024115

Abstract

This research focuses on the embodiment of smart power in China’s science and technology development. This paper first introduces the definitions of soft power, hard power and smart power. Furthermore, it compares the current status and development of China’s soft power, hard power and smart power, and identifies China’s problems in terms of access to modern technology, intellectual property protection, as well as regulatory and ethical issues. Moreover, this research explores possible ways to improve China’s smart power of science and technology. Finally, the study finds that China’s smart power developments in science and technology can be used as both diplomatic and economic tools, reshaping international technology policy and establishing new global norms.

Keywords

China, smart power, technology, science

[1]. Nye, J. S. (2013). What China and Russia don’t get about soft power. Foreign policy, 29(10), 3-4.

[2]. Nye, J. S. (2009). Smart power. New Perspect. Q., 26(2), 7-9.

[3]. Sharma, A., & Singh, B. J. (2020). Evolution of industrial revolutions: a review. Int. J. Innov. Tech. Explor. Eng., 9(11), 66-73.

[4]. Zhao, S., Zhao, F., & Liu, Z. (2017). The current status, barriers and development strategy of new energy vehicle industry in China. 2017 6th International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management (ICITM).

[5]. Balogh, L. S. (2017). Could China be the winner of the next industrial revolution? Financ. Econ. Rev., 16(Special Issue), 73-100.

[6]. Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means To Success In World Politics. PublicAffairs.

[7]. Nye, J. S. (2023). The rise of China’s soft power. In Soft Power and Great-Power Competition: Shifting Sands in the Balance of Power Between the United States and China (pp. 97-99). Springer.

[8]. Brand Finance. (2024). Brand Finance’s Global Soft Power Index 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024 from https://brandfinance.com/press-releases/brand-finances-global-soft-power-index-2024-usa-and-uk-ranked-top-nation-brands-china-takes-third-place-overtaking-japan-and-germany

[9]. Pan, S. Y. (2013). Confucius Institute project: China’s cultural diplomacy and soft power projection. Asian Educ. Dev. Stud., 2(1), 22-33.

[10]. Podyapolskiy, S. A. (2014). “Soft power” and “smart power” of modern China. Journal of Siberian Federal University Humanities & Social Sciences, 2(7), 347-358.

[11]. Nye, J. S. (2015). The Limits of Chinese Soft Power. Retrieved 10 Jule 2015 from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-civil-society-nationalism-soft-power-by-joseph-s--nye-2015-07

[12]. Pradhan, R., & Mohanty, S. S. (2021). Chinese grand strategies in Central Asia: The role of Shanghai cooperation organization and belt and road initiative. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 14(2), 197-223.

[13]. Wilson, E. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & So. Sci., 616(1), 110-124.

[14]. Ratha, K. C. (2019). Soft Power and Hard State: China on the Global Stage. IUP J. Int. Rel., 13(4), 67-69.

[15]. Pallaver, M. (2011). Power and its forms: hard, soft, smart. London School of Economics and Political Science.

[16]. Shippen, T. (2014). China’s Use of Economic Hard Power in the 21st Century. BYU Asian Stud. J., 4(1), 5.

[17]. Rogoff, K., & Yang, Y. (2024). Rethinking China’s growth. Econ. Policy, 39(119), 517-548.

[18]. Robinson, S., & Thierfelder, K. (2024). US international trade policy: Scenarios of protectionism and trade wars. Journal of Policy Modeling, 46(4), 723-739.

[19]. Global Firepower. (2024). 2024 Military Strength Ranking. Retrieved 20 August 2024 from https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php#google_vignette

[20]. Cheng-Chwee, K. (2017). Explaining the contradiction in China’s South China Sea policy: Structural drivers and domestic Imperatives. China: Int. J. 15(1), 163-186.

[21]. Fingar, T. (2020). China’s Challenges: Now It Gets Much Harder. Wash. Q., 43(1), 67-84.

[22]. Xie, W., Zheng, D., Li, Z., Wang, Y., & Wang, L. (2024). Digital technology and manufacturing industrial change: Evidence from the Chinese manufacturing industry. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 187, 109825.

[23]. Robertson, P. E., & Sin, A. (2017). Measuring hard power: China’s economic growth and military capacity. Def. Peace Econ., 28(1), 91-111.

[24]. Vlassis, A. (2016). Soft power, global governance of cultural industries and rising powers: the case of China. Int. J. Cult. Pol., 22(4), 481-496.

[25]. Nye, J. S. (2008). Smart power and the “war on terror”. Asia Pac. Rev., 15(1), 1-8.

[26]. Gallarotti, G. M. (2015). Smart power: Definitions, importance, and effectiveness. J. Strat. Stud., 38(3), 245-281.

[27]. Costantini, I. (2024). Iraq in a Changing Geopolitical Context. In The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Geopolitics (pp. 1-17). Springer.

[28]. Said, M. (2019). The Impact of Globalization on the American foreign policy towards Middle East after 911 (George Bush and Barack Obama Administrations). Mohammed Kheider University.

[29]. Krukowska, M. (2016). China’s ‘one belt, one road’ strategy and its implications for the global world order. Int. Bus. Global Econ., 35(1), 157-168.

[30]. Aoyama, R. (2016). “One belt, one road”: China’s new global strategy. J. Contem. E. Asia. Stud., 5(2), 3-22.

[31]. Pridham, G. (2006). European Union Accession Dynamics and Democratization in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Future Perspectives. Gov. Oppos., 41(3), 373-400.

[32]. Christou, G. (2014). European Union security logics to the east: the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Eastern Partnership. In G. Christou & S. Croft (Eds.), European ‘Security’ Governance (pp. 77-94). Routledge.

[33]. Chen, H. (2019). Success factors impacting artificial intelligence adoption: Perspective from the Telecom Industry in China. Old Dominion University.

[34]. Bouey, J., Hu, L., Keller Scholl, W., Gazis, J., Malik, A. A., Solomon, K., Zhang, S., & Shufer, A. (2023). China’s AI Exports.

[35]. Bartholomew, C. (2020). China and 5G. Issues Sci. Tech., 36(2), 50-57.

[36]. Wen, Y. (2017). The Rise of Chinese Transnational ICT Corporations: The Case of Huawei (PhD Thesis). Communication, Art & Technology: School of Communication, Simon Fraser University.

[37]. Chen, S., & Kang, S. (2018). A tutorial on 5G and the progress in China. Front. Inf. Tech. Electron. Eng., 19(3), 309-321.

[38]. Chadly, A., Moawad, K., Salah, K., Omar, M., & Mayyas, A. (2024). State of global solar energy market: Overview, China’s role, Challenges, and Opportunities. Sustain. Horiz., 11, 100108.

[39]. Uhalley Jr, S. (2018). China’s aerospace prowess today and tomorrow. Am. J. Chin. Stud., 63-79.

[40]. Wen, H., & Zhao, Z. (2021). How does China’s industrial policy affect firms’ R&D investment? Evidence from ‘Made in China 2025’. Appl. Econ., 53(55), 6333-6347.

[41]. Boeing, P., Eberle, J., & Howell, A. (2022). The impact of China’s R&D subsidies on R&D investment, technological upgrading and economic growth. Technol. Forecast. and Soc., 174, 121212.

[42]. Berger, B., & Martin, R. F. (2013). The Chinese export boom: an examination of the detailed trade data. China World Econ, 21(1), 64-90.

[43]. Xing, Y. (2024) Innovation and China’s Global Emergence. In E. Baark & B. Hofman (Eds.), Innovation and China’s Global Emergence (pp. 109). Singapore, Singapore: NUS Press.

[44]. Friis, K., & Lysne, O. (2021). Huawei, 5G and security: Technological limitations and political responses. Dev. Change, 52(5), 1174-1195.

[45]. Ayele, S., Shen, W., Chiyemura, F., & Gu, J. (2021). Enhancing China–Africa Cooperation in the Renewable Energy Sector. IDS Pol Brief, 76 (March 2021).

[46]. Lišanin, M. (2023). Prospects of European-Chinese contest for influence in the Western Balkans: The case of Serbia. In China and World Politics in Transition: How China Transforms the World Political Order (pp. 195-214). Springer.

[47]. Amighini, A. (2021). Italy’s embrace of BRI and the role of internal political dynamics. In V. Ntousas & S. Minas (Eds.), The European Union and China’s Belt and Road (pp.16). London, England: Routledge.

[48]. Steinbock, D. (2018). US-China trade war and its global impacts. China Q. Int. Strateg. Stud., 4(04), 515-542.

[49]. Global Times. (2024). Reported plan to curb ASML’s China service shows the US is pushing its allies to limits: analyst. Retrieved 30 Aug 2024 from https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202408/1318952.shtml

[50]. Stoianoff, N. P. (2012). The influence of the WTO over China’s intellectual property regime. Sydney L. Rev., 34, 65.

[51]. Commander, S. (2005). The software industry in emerging markets. Edward Elgar Publishing.

[52]. Fleming, D. C. (2014). Counterfeiting in China. E. Asia L. Rev., 10, 14.

[53]. National Bureau of Statistics. (2024). Statistical Bulletin of the People’s Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development 2023. Retrieved 29 Feb 2024 from https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202402/t20240228_1947915.html

Cite this article

Yang,Z. (2024). Defining China’s Smart Power in Science and Technology. Advances in Social Behavior Research,11,85-90.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

Disclaimer/Publisher's Note

The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s). EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

About volume

Journal:Advances in Social Behavior Research

Volume number: Vol.11
ISSN:2753-7102(Print) / 2753-7110(Online)

© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open access policy for details).