Volume 112

The explosive growth of food-delivery platforms has shifted the focus of competition from user acquisition to user retention. However, most platforms still rely on a one-time five-star rating system, whose weak incentive mechanism and linear dispute process cannot build long-term loyalty or obtain high-quality feedback. This paper compares the "gamification + crowdsourced review" model (Meituan) and the traditional star rating model (DoorDash). Drawing on the literature, Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and procedural justice, this paper constructs a three-stage framework-design layer → psychological/operational layer → outcome layer-to explain how hierarchical badges, points, and user arbitration can simultaneously meet the needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, and resolve disputes in parallel. The findings indicate that gamified crowdsourced review feedback is not just an embellishment of the user experience but a sustainable strategy that integrates user engagement, data assets, and governance efficiency. This paper finally proposes actionable design guidelines and an experimental agenda for cross-cultural replication and longitudinal causal testing.

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This paper comparatively analyzes Human Rights Due Diligence (HRDD) governance models of the European Union and the United States, alongside implementation challenges in developing countries. The EU's hybrid "hard law and soft law" model, anchored in the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) and market access leverage, demonstrates greater effectiveness in mitigating supply chain labor rights violations than the US's disclosure-oriented approach, which suffers from enforcement gaps and inadequate remedies. However, developing countries face dual dilemmas: capacity deficits in regulatory infrastructure exacerbate policy conflicts between external standards and local development priorities. To reconcile rights protection with developmental needs, the paper proposes a regulatory adaptation framework for localizing the EU model. The key recommendations include three main points. First, differentiated legislation should exempt SMEs from non-core obligations while prioritizing high-risk industries. Second, adaptive technical reuse must be implemented to address technological gaps. Third, transitional buffers should allow for phased compliance. Sustainable implementation requires shifting global governance from unilateral standard export to collaborative capacity building—establishing a "North-South Compliance Fund", technology partnerships, and inclusive consultation mechanisms. This approach builds essential "stairs" for developing economies to achieve rights protection without compromising development.

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In the global trade governance system, the WTO dispute settlement mechanism is the core pillar of maintaining the multilateral trade order, and the effective operation of its Appellate Body is crucial. However, the United States has been continuously obstructing the appointment of new members of the Appellate Body since 2017, resulting in the agency's suspension due to insufficient quorum in December 2019 and exposing the institutional flaws of the selection rules amid political games. This article focuses on the dilemmas and innovations of selection rules, employing normative analysis, case-based empirical research, and comparative research methods to examine the structural loopholes in the rules and the impact of political intervention. The study finds that the ambiguity of the consensus voting mechanism and qualification standards is the root cause of the problem. It proposes an innovative pathway centered on clarifying professional qualifications, introducing majority decision-making procedures, and strengthening independent evaluation, providing a theoretical reference for revitalizing the dispute resolution mechanism.

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Singapore's political landscape has long been characterized by a hegemonic ruling party, the People's Action Party, which has maintained dominance through institutional control and carefully managed electoral openings. Opposition actors have periodically gained public attention, yet remain fragmented and fail to form stable alliances even when collective strength could improve their electoral prospects. The Workers’ Party (WP), as the most electorally salient opposition force, occupies a central paradox: it attracts voter support while simultaneously resisting cooperative coalition-building. This persistent disunity among opposition parties raises the question of what internal strategic logic reinforces fragmentation despite the apparent external incentive to unite. This paper examines the subtle fragmentation among Singapore’s opposition parties, especially focusing on the WP and its refusal to join an opposition coalition. Based on political branding theory and papers on authoritarian elections, this paper argues that the WP, through strategic brand differentiation, limits its willingness to cooperate with other opposition parties. By situating this issue in the context of the hegemonic party system as well as political branding theory, this paper presents a novel synthesis of theories on how political branding can serve both as a cognitive shortcut and a constraint on opposition coalition construction.

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Autonomous vehicle takeover accidents are a new type of legal risk associated with the development of intelligent driving technology. The current judicial practice is confronted with core problems such as unclear paths of accountability, ambiguous subjects of responsibility, inappropriate application of charges and absence of obligation standards, which have led to the predicament of accountability for takeover accidents. It is clarified that the basis of criminal law evaluation is the duty of care and the allocation of accident risks. Divide the relevant entities’risks into three paths of imputation, and determine the subjects to be held accountable based on the roles of different subjects in the takeover accident. Based on this, establish the principle of determination of charges, and determine the standards of charges for different responsible parties in combination with the applicable boundaries and causal relationships of charges such as the crime of causing a traffic accident, providing precise criminal liability for autonomous driving accidents.

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The judicial identification of the "scienter" element in the Crime of Assisting Information Network Criminal Activities (hereinafter "the Crime") has long faced problems such as unclear standards, generalized presumptions, and divergent rulings, becoming a core difficulty in the governance of cybercrime. In practice, issues like vague conditions for initiating presumptions, weak evidential support systems, and inconsistent judicial reasoning logic plague the identification of "scienter" in this Crime. These problems stem from ambiguous legislative expression and the lagging nature of evidence rules. To address this, a tiered framework for identifying subjective intent should be constructed, clarifying the boundaries of "scienter" application and evidentiary requirements to form clear identification standards. A quantified scoring index system for electronic evidence should be refined to enhance quantitative assessment capabilities. Systematic training for judicial personnel on technical literacy and practical rules should be promoted. These measures are essential to effectively resolve the judicial identification difficulties of the Crime and safeguard citizens' rights.

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With the vigorous development of the digital economy, e-commerce platforms have given rise to a new type of price fraud behavior that combines the appearance of price discrimination and the essence of price fraud, infringing upon consumers' rights and interests and distorting the market economic order. There is still controversy over the legal characterization of big data price discrimination. In practice, it faces problems such as excessive competition and cooperation of legal provisions, lagging regulatory means, and difficulties in consumer relief. It is necessary to regulate it from three aspects: improving relevant legislation, enhancing regulatory quality and efficiency, and protecting consumer rights and interests, in order to achieve consumer rights protection and maintain market economic order.

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The United States has long presented itself as a “nation of immigrants”, yet its immigration policies have often operated to preserve a white racial majority. This paper investigates the extent to which U.S. immigration law, historically and today, functions as a structural tool for enforcing white supremacist ideology. This paper puts forth the question of how the U.S. immigration policy historically has constructed and sustained racial hierarchy, and in what ways do contemporary laws and discourse continue to reflect these white supremacist foundations? Drawing on legal analysis, historical records, demographic data, and contemporary political rhetoric, this paper finds that from the 1790 Naturalization Act through the 1924 national origins quota system, immigration law explicitly favored white, European-origin populations. Even after the formal abolition of racial quotas in 1965, immigration enforcement disproportionately targets nonwhite immigrants, and nativist ideologies such as the “Great Replacement” theory have re-emerged in mainstream political discourse. This research exposes the persistence of racial bias embedded in American immigration governance. Understanding these patterns is not only essential for historical accountability, but also for informing urgent policy reform. In a world of demographic shifts and geopolitical competition, the U.S. must move beyond its racialized immigration legacy to harness immigration as both a moral imperative and strategic advantage.

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With the continuous development of the global digital economy, cross-border data flows have become a critical component of businesses' international operations. At the same time, cross-border data compliance has become a major challenge facing businesses. The development of China's cross-border data compliance policy can be divided into three stages: initial exploration, system development, and refinement. These three stages highlight China's policy approach to cross-border data regulation, evolving from principled guidance to systematic governance. At the same time, it is clear that existing cross-border data compliance practices are plagued by several issues: fragmented legal regulations cause inconsistent application; vague compliance standards result in inconsistent implementation; and insufficient integration with international rules leads to high compliance costs. Comparative analysis of international systems such as the United States' fragmented regulatory framework, the EU's internal market harmonization with extraterritorial data transfer restrictions, and ASEAN's openness and security exceptions demonstrates the need for further research and governance in policy, implementation, and corporate compliance capacity building. In the future, China needs to establish a cross-border data management framework that prioritizes both security and efficiency, exploring a governance path for achieving a dynamic balance between data security and the digital economy.

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