1. Introduction

Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary domain within the area of engineering that encompasses the integration of mechanical, electrical, computer control, and systems design engineering. Its primary objective is to facilitate the conception, production, and upkeep of various products and processes. The integration of knowledge in mechanical dynamics and motion, electronics, control theory, computer engineering, and systems thinking is employed to develop intelligent systems that possess enhanced capabilities and adaptability. In the past few decades, the prevalence of mechatronic systems has witnessed a notable rise in various domains like as industrial, manufacturing, and engineering applications. The construction industry is currently experiencing a rapid adoption of mechatronic technologies in order to improve efficiency, quality, safety, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability in both building and infrastructure projects [1]. The unpredictability, inefficiency, and quality difficulties that arise in building can be attributed to the manual and conventional nature of many construction procedures.

Mechatronics is a field that encompasses the integration of computer systems, sensors, data analysis, and advanced control algorithms in order to enhance the performance and consistency of automated, precision equipment. Mechatronic advances are being increasingly utilized across many stages of the construction process, ranging from surveying and design to the physical erection of buildings. These advancements are significantly augmenting and improving nearly every aspect of the construction industry. Automated material handling systems are capable of safely transporting resources within task sites without the need for human interaction. Robotic systems exhibit superior efficiency, endurance, and precision in the execution of repetitive activities such as bricklaying, surpassing the capabilities of human laborers. The integration of 3D modeling and data analytics in building information modeling (BIM) facilitates improved design, coordination, and execution [2]. A wide range of sensor technologies are employed to monitor many aspects, including structural vibrations and hazardous environmental conditions.

Mechatronic systems employed in the construction industry encompass several fundamental elements, namely mechanical machinery, electromechanical sensors and actuators, microprocessors, automation software, and information processing systems. Through the seamless integration of many components, mechatronics facilitates the development of intelligent systems that possess the ability to adapt, learn, and function with limited supervision in intricate surroundings.

The field of construction mechatronics utilizes cutting-edge advancements in robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, and augmented reality (AR). With the decline in prices, the enhanced capabilities and reliability of mechatronic technologies, and the improvement in integration, the feasibility of wider deployment in the construction industry increases. In its entirety, mechatronics embodies a highly auspicious transformation within the realm of construction engineering and administration.

2. Benefits of Using Mechatronics in Construction

The incorporation of mechatronic technology in the field of construction engineering and management yields significant improvements across various aspects. The integration of automation, precise equipment, advanced sensing, data analytics, and sophisticated control algorithms leads to significant enhancements in productivity, cost-effectiveness, speed, accuracy, quality, safety, and process optimization [3].

2.1. Enhanced Productivity and Cost-Effectiveness

One of the primary advantages is a significant enhancement in labor productivity. Mechatronic devices exhibit superior capabilities in terms of speed, power, precision, and endurance compared to human labor [4]. Robotic systems possess the capability to operate continuously without experiencing fatigue. Automated material handling and transport systems effectively mitigate the occurrence of delays associated with waiting for supplies. The implementation of mechatronics facilitates streamlined workflows and procedures, resulting in substantial improvements in productivity. Intelligent control systems efficiently allocate resources and coordinate activities in order to achieve optimal outcomes. Construction jobs are accomplished at a faster rate while maintaining a high standard of quality.

Enhanced productivity leads to significant cost reductions. The implementation of machines and robots for task automation serves as a cost-effective alternative to labor-intensive manual work [1]. The implementation of safer mechatronic systems by construction enterprises leads to reduced expenditures on workers compensation and overhead costs. The use of just-in-time material delivery leads to a reduction in inventory expenses. The implementation of enhanced precision results in a reduction in waste and rework. Simultaneously, companies have the capacity to undertake a greater number of projects as a result of improved productivity, hence yielding increased revenues. The synergistic effect of cost savings and expansion potential significantly enhances profit margins.

2.2. Superior Quality Control and Safety

Mechatronic technologies have the potential to significantly enhance the accuracy and precision of construction processes, hence resulting in the development of structures and infrastructure of superior quality. The execution of operations such as robotic bricklaying, welding, painting, and others is characterized by a remarkable absence of deviations, ensuring flawless performance. The utilization of drones and Lidar technology in surveying processes enables the production of very accurate three-dimensional site maps [4]. The precision of measurements is transferred downstream, facilitating the accurate alignment of design models with the physical construction process. The avoidance of defects and errors is facilitated, and the enhancement of quality control is achieved through the utilization of ample sensor data. Sensors also provide extensive monitoring capabilities prior to, during, and after to the construction process. The meticulous monitoring of many factors such as progress, equipment, materials, structural integrity, environmental conditions, and other relevant metrics enables the utilization of data-driven decision-making processes, proactive issue resolution, and the implementation of preventive maintenance strategies. The utilization of advanced analytical software effectively harnesses the vast amount of sensor data to enhance and streamline procedures. The outcome entails the successful execution of building projects that adhere to requirements with utmost precision, while simultaneously mitigating any potential cost and time deviations.

Significantly, mechatronic technologies play a crucial role in enhancing safety measures for both workers and the general public. The implementation of operator removal from hazardous machinery mitigates the occurrence of injuries. The implementation of automated haulage and material handling systems has been shown to effectively mitigate the occurrence of accidents at construction sites. Sensors possess the capability to identify hazardous circumstances and subsequently initiate the cessation of equipment operations or promptly alert supervisors. In general, the integration of mechatronics is revolutionizing the construction industry by enhancing efficiency, intelligence, data utilization, and safety.

3. Mechatronic Systems Used in Construction

Construction companies are increasingly incorporating a diverse array of mechatronic technologies in order to improve several aspects of their operations, including productivity, quality, safety, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.

3.1. Automated Material Handling and Robotics

Automated material handling systems, exemplified as automated guided vehicles (AGVs), facilitate the transportation of various components, machinery, and inventories within building sites by adhering to pre-determined paths. Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) offer a dependable means of delivering materials in a just-in-time manner, eliminating the need for human operators [5]. Automated cranes and hoists additionally enable the accurate manipulation of substantial weights. Logistics automation solutions have the capacity to mitigate delays, minimize safety hazards, and decrease labor expenditures.

Robotic systems demonstrate exceptional performance in tasks that include repetition, inherent hazard, and necessitate a high level of consistency and precision. Robotic bricklaying devices employ automated arms to securely grip bricks, administer cement, and meticulously align each brick with precision [6]. Welding robots are capable of executing flawless welds at a significantly higher speed compared to human welders. There are more types of robots that possess expertise in performing interior finishing tasks, such as the installation of drywall, painting, and flooring. The utilization of robots has been found to significantly enhance productivity by a factor of five in various jobs, simultaneously mitigating the potential hazards associated with human tiredness and injury [1].

3.2. Monitoring and Scanning Technologies

The utilization of a vast array of sensors facilitates the full monitoring of structures, equipment, and site conditions. Sensor networks are utilized to monitor various factors such as structural stresses, vibrations, degradation, and chemical exposures. This enables the evaluation of the structural condition and the implementation of timely measures to avert potential maintenance issues. In addition, sensors are utilized to analyze patterns of equipment utilization in order to anticipate maintenance requirements. Environmental sensors are utilized to monitor various environmental parameters such as groundwater levels, air quality, and radiation levels. Operators are promptly notified of any abnormal or hazardous readings. Laser scanning systems, such as Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR), efficiently perform quick scans of various sites and structures, resulting in the generation of highly detailed three-dimensional point clouds. This scanning technique offers precise measurements and is utilized in several applications such as surveying, design alterations, construction planning, progress tracking, dimensional quality assurance, and facilities management [7]. The utilization of drone-mounted scanners facilitates the acquisition of aerial scans, hence enabling a comprehensive overview of a given site. Scanners play a crucial role in facilitating automated excavation and grading processes by providing equipment with highly precise terrain maps.

Global Positioning System (GPS), laser, inertial, and optical guiding technologies are utilized to achieve accurate location for earthmoving machinery. Bulldozers, graders, and excavators operate in an automated manner, adhering to predetermined cutting and grading instructions, hence reducing the occurrence of excessive excavation. Materials are transported with increased velocity and precision. The completion of the grading process is flawless. Guidance systems serve the purpose of preventing any potential disturbance to survey stakes. Building Information Modeling (BIM) software effectively consolidates various data, such as 3D models, project schedules, cost calculation, and materials tracking, to facilitate efficient coordination in construction processes [8]. Building Information Modeling (BIM) plays a crucial role in enabling the identification of clashes that may arise between architectural, structural, and mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems. Additionally, it has the capability to develop dynamic plans, estimates, timetables, and visualizations. Building Information Modeling (BIM) facilitates a heightened level of integration and intelligence in the execution of intricate projects. The proliferation of construction mechatronics is expected to occur as a result of declining costs, increasing capabilities, and improved integration. The advent of intelligent machines, automated processes, and data-driven systems has brought about significant transformations in various aspects such as productivity, quality, safety, and sustainability. Mechatronics embodies the prospective trajectory of intelligent and streamlined construction engineering.

4. Challenges and Limitations

The construction industry encounters significant obstacles when using mechatronic technology, such as substantial initial expenses, deficiencies in necessary skills, reluctance to embrace change, issues in integrating these technologies, and apprehensions regarding their reliability. Nevertheless, the implementation of cautious methods and visionary leadership can effectively surmount these obstacles in order to fully capitalize on the advantages at hand.

4.1. Financial and Skills-Related Challenges

A significant constraint arises from the considerable initial expenses linked to mechatronic systems, necessitating a big infusion of cash. The cost of advanced robotics, automated equipment, sensors, software, and control systems can be prohibitively high for certain companies [3]. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that expenses will experience a substantial decline as technologies advance and expand in scope. Firms have the ability to reduce costs by adopting an incremental strategy that prioritizes the implementation of applications with the highest impact.

Proficiency in many disciplines such as robotics, programming, mechatronics engineering, data science, and automation is necessary for individuals engaged in the operation and maintenance of mechatronic systems. Nevertheless, the construction industry’s historically labor-intensive workforce lacks an abundance of highly skilled individuals. The development of capacities will require a significant investment in training and recruiting of technical expertise. According to Hardin and McCool, it is imperative to provide workers with the necessary training to effectively optimize, program, debug, and repair smart devices by utilizing data insights [9].

4.2. Overcoming Organizational Resistance and Integration Barriers

The construction industry tends to resist new technologies like mechatronics [10]. Effective leadership and communication are needed to facilitate acceptance [11]. Integrating diverse mechatronic systems presents compatibility issues [12]. Mechatronics must be reliable despite harsh conditions [13]. Failures could halt projects, so redundancies and testing are crucial. Sensor data enables proactive maintenance. The sector must address these challenges through cost control, training, change leadership, integration strategies, and reliability focus. With visionary leadership and sensible tactics, construction can transition towards automated, optimized practices.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, it can be observed that mechatronic technologies are undergoing a rapid transformation of several areas within the field of construction engineering and project delivery. The seamless amalgamation of mechanical systems, electronics, control systems, and computing facilitates the development of more intelligent, proficient, and extensively automated construction procedures. As delineated, the field of mechatronics offers substantial advantages in terms of enhanced productivity, quality, velocity, safety, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. Mechatronics plays a crucial role in optimizing performance and intelligence throughout the whole construction lifecycle, encompassing activities such as surveying, design, on-site construction, and long-term monitoring. Various advances are being embraced in the construction industry, including automated material handling, robotic bricklaying, sensor networks, laser scanning, machine control systems, and building information modeling software. Despite the presence of certain problems such as elevated expenses and deficiencies in technical abilities, the advantages of the subject matter far surpass its limits.

Mechatronics is seen as a promising field that embodies the potential for enhanced, finely-tuned construction practices in the future. The exploration of the immense capabilities of these technologies is in its nascent stages. The continuous progress in several fields holds the potential for sustained innovation, seamless integration, and enhanced capabilities. In the forthcoming years, construction companies who adopt mechatronics will get a significant edge over their competitors. By using forward-thinking leadership and employing careful execution, it is possible to revolutionize the construction sector in order to attain enhanced levels of productivity, quality, safety, and sustainability. The advent of mechatronics in the field of construction holds the potential to usher in a future characterized by enhanced intelligence, efficiency, and automation in the development of essential societal infrastructure.