This article provides a comprehensive review of the development of wearable devices in the field of healthcare. Key technologies such as sensor technology (e.g. electrochemistry, optics, etc.), micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), flexible electronics, and material innovation are described in detail, power and energy management strategies, signal processing and data analysis methods are discussed. The clinical applications of wearable devices in diabetes management, cardiovascular disease monitoring and sleep monitoring are discussed, and their effectiveness and challenges are assessed. In addition, existing technical, clinical, and market challenges are analyzed, and future trends such as multimodal sensor fusion, intelligence, miniaturization, and integration with emerging technologies are predicted. Overall, this paper presents the current status of wearable devices in the field of healthcare in an all-round way, and provides ideas for subsequent research and development.

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In survey of new generation of social and economic development, we can see new fears manifested in the energy crisis and global warming causing an even wide concern about this. Travelling in traditional fuel vehicles is exacerbated by the trend of introducing more tram lines, and the models of tram cars being manufactured gain diversity, among them the BEVs[1], HEVs[2], and FCEVs[3]. The lithium-ion battery, a major electromechanical device in these electric vehicles, is an important part for energy storage that accounts for most of the performance of the vehicle. The SEI membrane, the most vital constituent of a lithium-ion battery (LIB), determines the cycle life, capacity retention, and overall safety of the LIB. This review assesses the SEI's chemical structure, formation mechanisms, and growth processes, including their impact on the aging of lithium-ion batteries. Several factors were mentioned here, such as the type of electrolyte, electrodes, and the working environment, concerning the stability of an SEI membrane. This paper also summarizes the characterization technique, which besides other things include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), for explaining the SEI films. This project will be aimed at the mitigation of these SEI formation and battery aging beyond the current state of the art to be able to increase further.

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With the growing urban population and water requirement, the need for decentralized wastewater treatment to complement centralized systems is imminent. This paper reviews six decentralized domestic wastewater treatment technologies and evaluates them with efficiency, cost-effectiveness, environmental impact, and applicability. RAF-HRBC and GDMBR technologies are best suited for urban areas since their high efficiency and small footprint. In contrast, artificial wetlands are more suitable for rural environments due to the large amount of land they require. Despite the promise of these technologies, most of them are unable to meet drinking water standards, suggesting that they still need to be supplemented with other treatment methods to achieve potable water quality.

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In Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) thermal flow sensors, CMOS integration plays a crucial role, especially in enhancing the performance of MEMS thermal flow sensors. This paper reviews the basic principle of CMOS-MEMS thermal flow sensor, introducing three prevalent types. The impact of CMOS integration on sensor performance is introduced, with their advantages highlighted: high integration, low cost, and low energy consumption. Their limitations are also addressed, including Limited material choice, inaccuracy due to heat loss, increased processing complexity and high cost, alongside proposed solutions to enhance their performance. The paper focuses on three basic application sectors of CMOS-MEMS thermal flow sensors. Finally, he potential for multi-module integration and extreme temperature resilience is discussed, indicating a promising trajectory for future advancements in this field.

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