1. Introduction

Nowadays, intelligent adjustable degree glasses already exist on the market, and mainstream products can be roughly divided into two categories - the first category is the additional degree adjustment function in VR visual glasses, which is convenient for customers to use during electronic entertainment; The second type is zoom glasses for treating myopia patients, in which bifocal glasses are used by the wearer to see distant and close objects respectively due to the different degrees of the upper and lower lenses, which can reduce the visual pressure on the patient's eyes. The method of connecting devices through Bluetooth and implementing intelligent degree adjustment through algorithms was proposed by Lishui Feitianren Mechanical Design Co., Ltd. in 2016, but it has not been widely promoted in the market.

2. Literature review

As early as 2001, an e-Vision company in Virginia, USA, had developed an automatic zoom electronic glasses - it would adjust the focal point of the lens at any time based on the distance of the wearer's vision[1]. In this way, older people no longer need to take off their reading glasses, and these versatile smart glasses can also serve as sunshades. In 2006, Chinese R&D personnel made improvements based on this foundation. At this time, the intelligent adjustable degree glasses only stay within a rough and clear range, without accurate degree measurement. In 2015, in response to the increasing myopia rate among primary and secondary school students, an intelligent anti myopia glasses with MSP430 microcontroller as the control core were designed and implemented. The device uses Sharp GP2Y0E03 infrared ranging sensor, BH1750 chip as the core designed light intensity sensor, and MPU6050 chip as the core designed six axis sensor to collect users' eye usage. Using MSP430 microcontroller, it simulates the fatigue of the human eye and reminds users to rest and prevent myopia when the human eye is excessively fatigued[2]. In 2022, Shenzhen Zhenshikang Technology Co., Ltd. designed two seamless precision moving stepper motor assemblies to control the degree of change of two lens groups, with a high degree of overall automation.

Nowadays, most of the smart anti myopia glasses on the market use MSP430 microcontroller as the control core, but the overall promotion level in the market is not enough, and customer potential has not been stimulated - mainly due to the immaturity of machine learning, sensor technology, and miniaturization technology, which results in a low user experience. For the method of connecting devices through Bluetooth and implementing intelligent degree adjustment through algorithms, some companies have proposed preliminary design concepts, but they have not been promoted on the market. Adjusting the automatic degree of lenses through AI algorithms can greatly improve the accuracy of data and enhance user experience.

3. Advantages of Intelligent Adjustable Prescription Glasses

3.1. Real-time Vision Correction

One of the key advantages of intelligent adjustable prescription glasses is the ability to provide real-time vision correction. Traditional glasses are static and need to be manually replaced when the prescription changes. However, the smart glasses with built-in AI algorithms can continuously adjust the lens to accommodate gradual or immediate changes in the user's eyesight[3]. This real-time adjustment not only improves vision quality but can also reduce the need for frequent visits to an optometrist.

For instance, during activities that require sharp focus, such as reading or driving, these glasses can fine-tune the focal length to enhance clarity. Furthermore, for individuals with progressive myopia, the system can adapt to gradual changes over time, thus providing better overall eye care without the hassle of regularly replacing lenses.

3.2. Cost-effectiveness

Although the initial investment in intelligent prescription glasses may be higher than traditional lenses, they have the potential to be more cost-effective over time. For individuals with rapidly changing prescriptions, particularly children and adolescents, the cost of frequently replacing glasses can add up. With smart glasses, however, this issue is minimized, as the glasses automatically adjust to changing vision. The reduced need for multiple pairs of glasses or contact lenses over a lifetime can offset the initial cost of these technologically advanced glasses.

Additionally, combining corrective lenses with AI that monitors eye health can provide a preventive health measure. As eyesight data is collected over time, the system can alert users to potential issues before they become serious, potentially reducing healthcare costs in the long run.

3.3. Monitoring and Feedback

Another significant advantage of intelligent adjustable prescription glasses is their ability to monitor eye health and provide real-time feedback to users. These glasses can be equipped with a variety of sensors that track several critical metrics, including eye strain, eye movement, and environmental factors such as ambient lighting and screen brightness. By continuously monitoring these elements, the glasses can help users mitigate eye fatigue and prevent potential damage to their vision, particularly for those who spend extended periods working on digital screens or in poorly lit conditions[4].

The integration of advanced algorithms allows these devices to analyze the collected data, identifying patterns and trends in eye usage that may indicate fatigue or strain. For instance, if the sensors detect excessive blinking or prolonged periods of focus without breaks, the glasses can alert users to take necessary precautions, such as resting their eyes or adjusting their screen settings to reduce glare.

Over time, the accumulated data can be compiled into comprehensive reports, which users can share with eye care professionals. These reports provide valuable insights into an individual’s visual health, enabling more informed and personalized treatment plans. Eye care providers can utilize this information to tailor recommendations specific to the user’s lifestyle and habits, enhancing the effectiveness of any prescribed interventions or corrective measures.

Furthermore, this real-time feedback mechanism fosters greater awareness among users regarding their eye health, encouraging proactive management of their vision. As a result, intelligent glasses not only serve the purpose of correcting vision but also play a crucial role in promoting overall eye wellness, especially in an age where digital device usage is ubiquitous.

This enhanced focus on monitoring and feedback positions intelligent adjustable prescription glasses as a vital tool in the prevention and management of eye health issues, offering users a holistic approach to maintaining optimal visual acuity.

4. Challenges of Developing Intelligent Adjustable Prescription Glasses

4.1. Technological Limitations

Despite the availability of intelligent adjustable prescription glasses in the market and various proposals surrounding their development, their widespread adoption has been limited primarily due to the immaturity of current sensor technology and intelligent control systems. One significant challenge is the inadequate battery life, which fails to meet the daily needs of users, necessitating frequent recharging. Additionally, the application of miniaturization technology remains insufficient, further complicating device usability.

Another critical issue is data inaccuracy. Many users have reported that the automatic degree adjustment does not adequately respond to their visual changes. This lack of precision undermines user confidence in the product. However, the potential for improvement exists if AI algorithms can be fully integrated with smart glasses. By analyzing larger databases and case studies related to prescription changes from various healthcare settings, these algorithms could establish patterns for digital automatic control[5]. This integration could also provide users with eye usage prompts, enabling better management of their vision health.

4.2. Battery Life

As with many wearable technologies, battery life remains a critical concern. Intelligent prescription glasses require significant power to operate AI systems, sensors, and possibly even small motors for lens adjustment. Current battery technology is not yet efficient enough to provide long-lasting power in a compact form suitable for everyday wear. Users may find themselves needing to recharge their glasses frequently, which could be inconvenient and a major barrier to widespread adoption.

Future developments in battery technology, such as more efficient lithium-ion batteries or potentially revolutionary advancements in energy storage like solid-state batteries, will be necessary to ensure the practicality of intelligent adjustable glasses. Additionally, solutions like wireless charging or energy-harvesting technologies could be explored to extend battery life.

4.3. Miniaturization and Comfort

To develop a practical and comfortable product, the various electronic components of smart glasses must undergo significant miniaturization. Currently, many wearable devices on the market are either too bulky or uncomfortable for prolonged use, which limits their adoption. The challenge lies in effectively integrating complex systems—such as sensors, processors, batteries, and lenses—into a lightweight, durable, and aesthetically appealing frame. This design must ensure that users feel comfortable wearing the glasses for extended periods, whether at work or during recreational activities[6].

Advancements in flexible electronics and nanotechnology are crucial in overcoming these challenges. Flexible circuits can be designed to fit seamlessly into the contours of the eyewear, allowing for more efficient use of space. Moreover, miniature sensors can be embedded in lightweight materials, enabling the incorporation of essential functions without adding significant weight. For instance, researchers have successfully developed ultra-thin sensors that can monitor various health parameters while remaining unobtrusive.

The use of materials such as graphene and other nanomaterials presents exciting opportunities for innovation. These materials are not only lightweight but also offer exceptional strength and flexibility. By employing such advanced materials, manufacturers can create smart glasses that are not only functional but also comfortable and stylish. Additionally, innovations in battery technology, such as the development of solid-state batteries, could lead to smaller energy sources that do not compromise performance.

Furthermore, user comfort must also take into account ergonomic design principles. This involves considering the shape of the frame, weight distribution, and the fit of the glasses on the face. Research has shown that well-designed ergonomic products can significantly enhance user experience and increase the likelihood of prolonged use. Incorporating user feedback during the design process is essential to ensure that the final product meets consumer needs and preferences.

4.4. Customization for Different Users

One of the most complex challenges is designing a product that can be customized for a wide variety of users. Vision problems differ greatly from person to person, and a "one-size-fits-all" solution is unlikely to work effectively. The AI model would need to account for individual eye conditions, daily habits, and even lifestyle factors that influence eye health. This level of customization requires extensive data collection, which raises concerns around privacy and data security.

Additionally, the glasses would need to be adaptable for different prescriptions, astigmatism, and other eye conditions[7]. This presents both hardware and software challenges, as the lenses and the AI system must be capable of adjusting to a range of complex visual issues.

5. Future Developments and Applications

5.1. Integration with Augmented Reality

One of the most exciting future applications for intelligent adjustable prescription glasses is their potential integration with augmented reality technologies. By combining vision correction with AR, these glasses could serve multiple functions: not only helping users see clearly, but also overlaying digital information on their surroundings. For example, while walking down the street, a user could receive real-time navigation cues, or while working on a complex task, helpful instructions or schematics could be displayed in their field of view.

The combination of AR and AI could lead to groundbreaking innovations in a variety of fields, from education and training to entertainment and communication.

5.2. Use in Telemedicine

The monitoring capabilities of intelligent glasses could also play a crucial role in telemedicine. As healthcare shifts toward more remote diagnostics and treatment, these glasses could provide real-time data on eye health that can be shared with healthcare professionals. For individuals with chronic eye conditions, this could mean more timely interventions and personalized treatment plans without the need for frequent in-person appointments.

For elderly individuals or those with mobility issues, the ability to monitor eye health remotely would provide significant benefits. Telemedicine applications for intelligent glasses could extend beyond eye care, potentially offering insights into overall health through biomarkers detected in the eyes, such as blood pressure or glucose levels.

5.3. Preventing Eye Health Problems

By continuously monitoring eye health, intelligent glasses have the potential to prevent serious vision problems before they escalate. This proactive approach is particularly crucial for children, who are at a heightened risk for progressive myopia. Early intervention is key in preventing severe vision loss later in life. For instance, AI-driven glasses can monitor changes in a child's prescription and alert parents or caregivers when significant shifts occur. This timely notification allows for early corrective action, such as scheduling an eye exam or updating the child's glasses, which can significantly mitigate the progression of myopia and promote better long-term eye health.

Moreover, these smart glasses can be programmed to recognize specific patterns associated with myopia progression. For example, they can analyse how often a child engages in near-work activities, such as reading or using digital devices, and correlate that data with prescription changes. This analysis can guide parents in establishing healthier habits, like encouraging outdoor play or regular breaks from screen time, which have been shown to help slow myopia progression in children .

In addition to benefiting children, intelligent glasses can also support adults who work in visually demanding environments, such as those involving prolonged computer use or detailed visual tasks. By integrating reminders into their functionality, these glasses can prompt users to take necessary breaks, adjust their lighting, or change their posture to reduce eye strain[8]. For instance, a feature that notifies users every 20-30 minutes to take a break or look away from their screens for a few moments can help alleviate symptoms associated with digital eye strain, such as dryness and fatigue .

Furthermore, the glasses can assess environmental factors, such as lighting conditions, and suggest adjustments to optimize visual comfort. If the ambient light is insufficient, for example, the glasses could recommend increasing the brightness of a screen or using additional light sources to enhance visibility.

6. Conclusion

The future of intelligent and automatically adjustable prescription glasses holds enormous potential. With the integration of AI algorithms, smart sensors, and sophisticated hardware, these glasses could revolutionize how we manage vision correction and eye health. The ability to provide real-time adjustments, monitor eye strain, and offer preventive health measures could significantly improve quality of life for individuals with vision problems.

However, significant technological challenges remain. Advances in AI, sensor miniaturization, battery life, and customization are critical to bringing this vision to fruition. While the path forward is complex, the benefits—ranging from cost savings to improved eye health and the potential for AR integration—make it a promising area of development for both healthcare and technology industries.

Future research should focus on improving the accuracy of AI algorithms, enhancing the durability and comfort of wearable devices, and ensuring that data privacy concerns are addressed. With continued innovation and investment, intelligent adjustable prescription glasses could become a widely adopted solution for managing vision health in the 21st century.