Preparation and photocatalytic application of nonmetallic doped TiO2 films with narrow band gap

Research Article
Open access

Preparation and photocatalytic application of nonmetallic doped TiO2 films with narrow band gap

Chenglong Sun 1*
  • 1 Ocean University of China    
  • *corresponding author sunchenglong@stu.ouc.edu.cn
Published on 21 July 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/7/20230516
ACE Vol.7
ISSN (Print): 2755-273X
ISSN (Online): 2755-2721
ISBN (Print): 978-1-915371-61-4
ISBN (Online): 978-1-915371-62-1

Abstract

TiO2 thin film has become a widely used photocatalyst due to its stable chemical properties, suitable edge position, non-toxicity and low cost, and the film structure is conducive to recycling and loading. However, because the band gap of titanium dioxide is relatively wide, visible light is difficult to be utilized, which also limit the utilization of TiO2. In recent years, non-metallic doping has been proven to be an extraordinarily efficient methodologies to reduce band gap and improve photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 films. In this paper, the basic principle of photocatalysis and the principle of reducing band gap by doping inorganic non-metallic elements are briefly introduced, and the preparation methods of N, C and B inorganic non-metallic elements doped TiO2 films are reviewed, as well as their functions on reducing band gap of TiO2. Finally, the research status of inorganic non-metallic element doped TiO2 thin film in photodecomposition of water and organic decomposition in catalytic solution was introduced.

Keywords:

titanium dioxide, film, non-metal doping, photocatalysis

Sun,C. (2023). Preparation and photocatalytic application of nonmetallic doped TiO2 films with narrow band gap. Applied and Computational Engineering,7,800-805.
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References

[1]. Fujishima, A., Honda, K., 1972. Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode. Nature 238, 37–38.. doi:10.1038/238037a0

[2]. Islam, S., Nagpure, S., Kim, D., Rankin, S., 2017. Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Non-Metal Doped Mesoporous Titania. Inorganics 5, 15.. doi:10.3390/inorganics5010015

[3]. Landmann, M., Köhler, T., Köppen, S., Rauls, E., Frauenheim, T., Schmidt, W.G., 2012. Fingerprints of order and disorder in the electronic and optical properties of crystalline and amorphous TiO2. Physical Review B 86.. doi:10.1103/physrevb.86.064201

[4]. Pelaez, M., Nolan, N.T., Pillai, S.C., Seery, M.K., Falaras, P., Kontos, A.G., Dunlop, P.S.M., Hamilton, J.W.J., Byrne, J.A., O’Shea, K., Entezari, M.H., Dionysiou, D.D., 2012. A review on the visible light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 125, 331–349.. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.05.036

[5]. Ismail, A.A., Bahnemann, D.W., 2011. Mesoporous titania photocatalysts: preparation, characterization and reaction mechanisms. Journal of Materials Chemistry 21, 11686.. doi:10.1039/c1jm10407a

[6]. Cong, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, F., Anpo, M., 2007. Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrogen-Doped TiO2 Nanophotocatalyst with High Visible Light Activity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111, 6976–6982.. doi:10.1021/jp0685030

[7]. Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Huang, B., Dai, Y., Lou, Z., Wang, G., Zhang, X., Qin, X., 2014. Progress on extending the light absorption spectra of photocatalysts. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16, 2758.. doi:10.1039/c3cp53817f

[8]. Hoffmann, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W., Bahnemann, D.W., 1995. Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chemical Reviews 95, 69–96.. doi:10.1021/cr00033a004

[9]. Ansari, S.A., Khan, M.M., Ansari, M.O., Cho, M.H., 2016. Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-doped TiO2) for visible light photocatalysis. New Journal of Chemistry 40, 3000–3009.. doi:10.1039/c5nj03478g

[10]. Khan, M.M., Adil, S.F., Al-Mayouf, A., 2015. Metal oxides as photocatalysts. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 19, 462–464.. doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2015.04.003

[11]. Dunnill, C.W., Parkin, I.P., 2011. Nitrogen-doped TiO2thin films: photocatalytic applications for healthcare environments. Dalton Transactions 40, 1635–1640.. doi:10.1039/c0dt00494d

[12]. Xu, T.-H., Song, C.-L., Liu, Y., Han, G.-R., 2006. Band structures of TiO2 doped with N, C and B. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B 7, 299–303.. doi:10.1631/jzus.2006.b0299

[13]. Sun, Z., Pichugin, V.F., Evdokimov, K.E., Konishchev, M.E., Syrtanov, M.S., Kudiiarov, V.N., Li, K., Tverdokhlebov, S.I., 2020. Effect of nitrogen-doping and post annealing on wettability and band gap energy of TiO2 thin film. Applied Surface Science 500, 144048.. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144048

[14]. Cheng, H.-E., Lee, W.-J., Hsu, C.-M., Hon, M.-H., Huang, C.-L., 2008. Visible Light Activity of Nitrogen-Doped TiO[sub 2] Thin Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 11, D81.. doi:10.1149/1.2968951

[15]. Shen, H., Mi, L., Xu, P., Shen, W., Wang, P.-N., 2007. Visible-light photocatalysis of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticulate films prepared by low-energy ion implantation. Applied Surface Science 253, 7024–7028.. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.023

[16]. Irie H, Watanabe Y, Hashimoto K. Carbon-doped anatase TiO2 powders as a visible-light sensitive photocatalyst[J]. Chemistry Letters, 2003, 32(8): 772-773..doi:10.1246/cl.2003.772

[17]. Wu, J., Jiang, X., Zhang, Y., Fu, Q., Pan, C., 2018. Preparation of high-concentration substitutional carbon-doped TiO2 film via a two-step method for high-performance photocatalysis. RSC Advances 8, 36691–36696.. doi:10.1039/c8ra07082b

[18]. Nakano, Y., Morikawa, T., Ohwaki, T., Taga, Y., 2005. Electrical characterization of band gap states in C-doped TiO2 films. Applied Physics Letters 87, 052111.. doi:10.1063/1.2008376

[19]. Mai L, Huang C, Wang D, et al. Effect of C doping on the structural and optical properties of sol–gel TiO2 thin films[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2009, 255(22): 9285-9289..doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.07.027

[20]. Timoumi, A., Alamri, S.N., Alamri, H., 2018. The development of TiO2-graphene oxide nano composite thin films for solar cells. Results in Physics 11, 46–51.. doi:10.1016/j.rinp.2018.06.017

[21]. Chen, D., Yang, D., Wang, Q., Jiang, Z., 2006. Effects of Boron Doping on Photocatalytic Activity and Microstructure of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45, 4110–4116.. doi:10.1021/ie0600902

[22]. Zhao, W., Ma, W., Chen, C., Zhao, J., Shuai, Z., 2004. Efficient Degradation of Toxic Organic Pollutants with Ni2O3/TiO2-xBx under Visible Irradiation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, 4782–4783.. doi:10.1021/ja0396753

[23]. Lu, N., Quan, X., Li, J., Chen, S., Yu, H., Chen, G., 2007. Fabrication of Boron-Doped TiO2 Nanotube Array Electrode and Investigation of Its Photoelectrochemical Capability. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111, 11836–11842.. doi:10.1021/jp071359d

[24]. Islam, S.Z., Reed, A., Wanninayake, N., Kim, D.Y., Rankin, S.E., 2016. Remarkable Enhancement of Photocatalytic Water Oxidation in N2/Ar Plasma Treated, Mesoporous TiO2 Films. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 120, 14069–14081.. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b02622

[25]. Hu L, Zhang Y, Zhang S, et al. Facile fabrication of transparent TiO2-C@ TiO2-C free-standing film for visible-light photocatalytic application[J]. Solid State Sciences, 2017, 64:1-6..doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2016.12.003

Cite this article

Sun,C. (2023). Preparation and photocatalytic application of nonmetallic doped TiO2 films with narrow band gap. Applied and Computational Engineering,7,800-805.

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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Materials Chemistry and Environmental Engineering (CONF-MCEE 2023), Part II

ISBN：978-1-915371-61-4(Print) / 978-1-915371-62-1(Online)
Editor：Ioannis Spanopoulos, Niaz Ahmed, Sajjad Seifi Mofarah
Conference website: https://www.confmcee.org/
Conference date: 18 March 2023
Series: Applied and Computational Engineering
Volume number: Vol.7
ISSN：2755-2721(Print) / 2755-273X(Online)

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References

[1]. Fujishima, A., Honda, K., 1972. Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode. Nature 238, 37–38.. doi:10.1038/238037a0

[2]. Islam, S., Nagpure, S., Kim, D., Rankin, S., 2017. Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Non-Metal Doped Mesoporous Titania. Inorganics 5, 15.. doi:10.3390/inorganics5010015

[3]. Landmann, M., Köhler, T., Köppen, S., Rauls, E., Frauenheim, T., Schmidt, W.G., 2012. Fingerprints of order and disorder in the electronic and optical properties of crystalline and amorphous TiO2. Physical Review B 86.. doi:10.1103/physrevb.86.064201

[4]. Pelaez, M., Nolan, N.T., Pillai, S.C., Seery, M.K., Falaras, P., Kontos, A.G., Dunlop, P.S.M., Hamilton, J.W.J., Byrne, J.A., O’Shea, K., Entezari, M.H., Dionysiou, D.D., 2012. A review on the visible light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 125, 331–349.. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.05.036

[5]. Ismail, A.A., Bahnemann, D.W., 2011. Mesoporous titania photocatalysts: preparation, characterization and reaction mechanisms. Journal of Materials Chemistry 21, 11686.. doi:10.1039/c1jm10407a

[6]. Cong, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, F., Anpo, M., 2007. Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrogen-Doped TiO2 Nanophotocatalyst with High Visible Light Activity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111, 6976–6982.. doi:10.1021/jp0685030

[7]. Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Huang, B., Dai, Y., Lou, Z., Wang, G., Zhang, X., Qin, X., 2014. Progress on extending the light absorption spectra of photocatalysts. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16, 2758.. doi:10.1039/c3cp53817f

[8]. Hoffmann, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W., Bahnemann, D.W., 1995. Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chemical Reviews 95, 69–96.. doi:10.1021/cr00033a004

[9]. Ansari, S.A., Khan, M.M., Ansari, M.O., Cho, M.H., 2016. Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-doped TiO2) for visible light photocatalysis. New Journal of Chemistry 40, 3000–3009.. doi:10.1039/c5nj03478g

[10]. Khan, M.M., Adil, S.F., Al-Mayouf, A., 2015. Metal oxides as photocatalysts. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 19, 462–464.. doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2015.04.003

[11]. Dunnill, C.W., Parkin, I.P., 2011. Nitrogen-doped TiO2thin films: photocatalytic applications for healthcare environments. Dalton Transactions 40, 1635–1640.. doi:10.1039/c0dt00494d

[12]. Xu, T.-H., Song, C.-L., Liu, Y., Han, G.-R., 2006. Band structures of TiO2 doped with N, C and B. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B 7, 299–303.. doi:10.1631/jzus.2006.b0299

[13]. Sun, Z., Pichugin, V.F., Evdokimov, K.E., Konishchev, M.E., Syrtanov, M.S., Kudiiarov, V.N., Li, K., Tverdokhlebov, S.I., 2020. Effect of nitrogen-doping and post annealing on wettability and band gap energy of TiO2 thin film. Applied Surface Science 500, 144048.. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144048

[14]. Cheng, H.-E., Lee, W.-J., Hsu, C.-M., Hon, M.-H., Huang, C.-L., 2008. Visible Light Activity of Nitrogen-Doped TiO[sub 2] Thin Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 11, D81.. doi:10.1149/1.2968951

[15]. Shen, H., Mi, L., Xu, P., Shen, W., Wang, P.-N., 2007. Visible-light photocatalysis of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticulate films prepared by low-energy ion implantation. Applied Surface Science 253, 7024–7028.. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.023

[16]. Irie H, Watanabe Y, Hashimoto K. Carbon-doped anatase TiO2 powders as a visible-light sensitive photocatalyst[J]. Chemistry Letters, 2003, 32(8): 772-773..doi:10.1246/cl.2003.772

[17]. Wu, J., Jiang, X., Zhang, Y., Fu, Q., Pan, C., 2018. Preparation of high-concentration substitutional carbon-doped TiO2 film via a two-step method for high-performance photocatalysis. RSC Advances 8, 36691–36696.. doi:10.1039/c8ra07082b

[18]. Nakano, Y., Morikawa, T., Ohwaki, T., Taga, Y., 2005. Electrical characterization of band gap states in C-doped TiO2 films. Applied Physics Letters 87, 052111.. doi:10.1063/1.2008376

[19]. Mai L, Huang C, Wang D, et al. Effect of C doping on the structural and optical properties of sol–gel TiO2 thin films[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2009, 255(22): 9285-9289..doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.07.027

[20]. Timoumi, A., Alamri, S.N., Alamri, H., 2018. The development of TiO2-graphene oxide nano composite thin films for solar cells. Results in Physics 11, 46–51.. doi:10.1016/j.rinp.2018.06.017

[21]. Chen, D., Yang, D., Wang, Q., Jiang, Z., 2006. Effects of Boron Doping on Photocatalytic Activity and Microstructure of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45, 4110–4116.. doi:10.1021/ie0600902

[22]. Zhao, W., Ma, W., Chen, C., Zhao, J., Shuai, Z., 2004. Efficient Degradation of Toxic Organic Pollutants with Ni2O3/TiO2-xBx under Visible Irradiation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, 4782–4783.. doi:10.1021/ja0396753

[23]. Lu, N., Quan, X., Li, J., Chen, S., Yu, H., Chen, G., 2007. Fabrication of Boron-Doped TiO2 Nanotube Array Electrode and Investigation of Its Photoelectrochemical Capability. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111, 11836–11842.. doi:10.1021/jp071359d

[24]. Islam, S.Z., Reed, A., Wanninayake, N., Kim, D.Y., Rankin, S.E., 2016. Remarkable Enhancement of Photocatalytic Water Oxidation in N2/Ar Plasma Treated, Mesoporous TiO2 Films. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 120, 14069–14081.. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b02622

[25]. Hu L, Zhang Y, Zhang S, et al. Facile fabrication of transparent TiO2-C@ TiO2-C free-standing film for visible-light photocatalytic application[J]. Solid State Sciences, 2017, 64:1-6..doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2016.12.003

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