Download pdf
The Study on the Manchus’ Mixed Economy towards the End of the Ming Dynasty and How This Mixed Economy Contributed to the Manchus’ Successful Conquest of China
- 1 Anglo-Chinese School (Independent), Singapore, 139650, Singapore
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The conquest of China was not merely a historical coincidence but an incident resulting from all possible aspects and factors historians can or cannot think of. Through analysing the role played by the early Manchus' mixed economy, this paper has drawn some links between the Manchu protohistory and their rise to power. This insight emphasized the significance of viewing the Manchu conquest by considering the dynamic interplay between local and world history. However, it is still necessary and relevant to study the local history carefully and in isolation so that these intricate links and valuable details can be gleaned to fit into a larger picture of the all-encompassing global history.
Keywords
Ming Dynasty, the Manchus' Mixed Economy
[1]. Mark C. Elliott, The Manchu Way the Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (Stanford, Calif., 2009).
[2]. Lawrence D. Kessler, “Chinese Scholars and The Early Manchu State,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 31 (1971): 179–200. https://doi.org/10.2307/2718716.
[3]. Willard J. Peterson, The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9. (Cambridge, 2018).
[4]. Mark C. Elliott, The Manchu Way, 48.
[5]. Mark C. Elliott, The Manchu Way, 48.
[6]. Pei Huang, “New Light on The Origins of The Manchus,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 50, no.1 (1990): 239–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/2719229.
[7]. Jerry Norman, “The Manchus and Their Language (Presidential Address),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 123, no.3 (2003): 483–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3217747.
[8]. Jerry Norman, “The Manchus and Their Language (Presidential Address),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 123, no.3 (2003): 483–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3217747.
[9]. Jame Reardon-Anderson, “Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty,” Environmental History 5, no. 4 (2000): 503–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/3985584.
[10]. Zheng Tianting, and Nan Bingwen, Qing Shi (Shanghai: Shanghai ren min chu ban she, 2020).
[11]. Willard J. Peterson, The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, 5-7.
[12]. “ Volume VII of Liaodong Annals "Chinese Collection . Accessed July 24, 2022. https://www.zhonghuadiancang.com/tianwendili/jiajingliaodongzhi/61694.html.
[13]. Patricia B. Ebrey, The Cambridge Illustrated History of China (Cambridge, 1999).
[14]. David L. Dreier, The Yuan Dynasty (New York, 2017).
[15]. Zheng Tianting, and Nan Bingwen, Qing Shi.
[16]. “ Volume VII of Liaodong Annals "Chinese Collection . Accessed July 24, 2022. https://www.zhonghuadiancang.com/tianwendili/jiajingliaodongzhi/61694.html.
[17]. “Li (Unit).” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, June 8, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(unit).
[18]. Zheng Tianting, and Nan Bingwen, Qing Shi, chap.3.
[19]. David L. Dreier, The Yuan Dynasty.
[20]. Asia for Educators, Columbia University. “The Mongols in World History.” Mongols in World History | Asia for Educators, 2004. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/index.htm.
[21]. Willard J. Peterson, The Cambridge History of China, 1-2.
[22]. Thomas T. Allsen, The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History (Pennsylvania, 2011). 30 Peter Dekker, “Manchu Archery Equipment,” Academia.edu, May 26, 2014. https://www.academia.edu/4460549/MANCHU_ARCHERY_EQUIPMENT.
[23]. Peter Dekker, “Manchu Archery Equipment.”
[24]. Franz H. Michael, Military Organization and Power Structure of China during the Taiping Rebellion
[25]. (Berkeley, 1949), 469-483.
[26]. Mark C. Elliott, The Manchu Way, 184.
[27]. Willard J. Peterson, The Cambridge History of China, 21-24.
[28]. Zheng Tianting, and Nan Bingwen, Qing Shi.
[29]. Kōichi ITŌ, “ON THE COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE MONGOLS IN THE EARLY YEARS OF YUAN DYNASTY,” Kyoto University Economic Review 27, no. 1 (62) (1957): 53–63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43217045.
[30]. Willard J. Peterson, The Cambridge History of China, 21-24.
Cite this article
Jiang,H. (2023). The Study on the Manchus’ Mixed Economy towards the End of the Ming Dynasty and How This Mixed Economy Contributed to the Manchus’ Successful Conquest of China. Communications in Humanities Research,4,130-135.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
Disclaimer/Publisher's Note
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s). EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
About volume
Volume title: Proceedings of the International Conference on Interdisciplinary Humanities and Communication Studies (ICIHCS 2022), Part 2
© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who
publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this
series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published
version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial
publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and
during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See
Open access policy for details).