1.Introduction

In the contemporary world, characterized by increasing complexity and a proliferation of social issues, the formulation of public policy and the practice of public administration are confronted with unprecedented challenges. In this context, the importance of social research methods has become increasingly prominent. These methods are not merely theoretical tools but are essential for understanding and addressing social problems. The effectiveness of policies and the scientific nature of management are directly contingent upon an accurate grasp and rational interpretation of social phenomena. Social research methods, through systematic and scientific approaches, enable researchers to penetrate through complex social phenomena to uncover underlying patterns and mechanisms. Applying these methods to public policy and administration not only enhances the precision of decision-making but also improves the efficacy and specificity of policy implementation. In an era marked by accelerated globalization and deepening social informatization, the scientific application of social research methods is an indispensable path to resolving complex societal issues.

2.Overview of Social Research Methods

2.1.Definition and Classification of Social Research Methods

Social inquiry methodologies constitute a set of paradigms and instruments for the systematic examination of societal phenomena, with the primary objective of delving into and comprehending social actions, interactions, and the constructs that underpin them. The definition of these methodologies typically encompasses a spectrum of strategies and techniques for the collection, analysis, and interpretation of societal data. Not only do they furnish the academic disciplines of social research with a robust theoretical underpinning, but they also serve as a scientific foundation for the formulation of government policies and public administration, providing empirical support and informed guidance. Social inquiry methodologies can be categorized across various dimensions. A common classification divides them based on the nature of the research methodology into quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative methods employ mathematical and statistical techniques to measure and analyze societal phenomena, emphasizing the objectivity and replicability of the data. These methods are particularly suited to the study of large-scale societal phenomena, especially in the context of public policy research. By analyzing data from large samples, they can reveal the efficacy of policies and societal trends, providing reliable scientific grounds for policymaking. Qualitative methods, on the other hand, prioritize the in-depth analysis of societal phenomena, often employing techniques such as interviews, observation, and textual analysis. These methods can capture the nuances of societal culture and individual experiences, aspects that quantitative research may overlook. Particularly within the realm of public administration, a deeper understanding of the behavior and decision-making processes of public officials can elucidate the complexity and diversity of administrative actions. Another methodological classification is based on the purpose and orientation of the research, encompassing exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory studies. Exploratory studies aim to discover new issues or directions for research, providing decision-makers with preliminary frameworks and theoretical hypotheses for emerging policy issues. Descriptive studies focus on the detailed portrayal and analysis of societal phenomena, enabling public administrators to gain comprehensive insights into societal realities and provide data support for administrative decision-making. Explanatory studies, in contrast, seek to elucidate the causal relationships among societal phenomena. This is of critical importance in the assessment of public policies, as it allows stakeholders to evaluate the efficacy of policy implementation, adjust policy design, and optimize policy outcomes.Social inquiry methodologies are not merely technical tools but represent a mode of thought. Faced with the complex and ever-changing nature of societal phenomena, a singular approach often falls short of fully unveiling the multifaceted nature of such phenomena. Consequently, employing a diversity of methodologies and adopting a multidimensional analytical framework can contribute significantly to a deeper understanding of the social reality, providing more comprehensive and insightful academic support for research in public policies and administration. This diversity and flexibility of methods allow them to adapt to different research contexts and objectives, making them indispensable tools in the arsenal of social research methodologies. The ongoing development of social inquiry methodologies reflects the mutual interaction and progress between the theoretical and practical aspects of social science, with their application in the realms of public policy and administration both deepening theoretical understanding and fostering innovative practices [1].

2.2.Characteristics and Applications of Major Social Research Methods

Social research methods possess unique characteristics that render them indispensable in the study of public policy and public administration. Firstly, social research methods are marked by their systematic and scientific nature, necessitating a rigorous design and execution process. This encompasses everything from formulating the research question to data collection and analysis, culminating in the drawing of conclusions—all adhering to scientific principles. Such systematization ensures the reliability and reproducibility of research findings, providing a solid foundation for the formulation and evaluation of public policies. In the realm of public administration, decision-makers rely on precise data and analytical results to make decisions that serve the public interest, thus establishing the scientific nature of social research methods as the cornerstone of policy studies.The second notable characteristic is the diversity and flexibility inherent in social research methods. The complexity of social phenomena often renders a single research method inadequate for fully uncovering the essence of the issues. Consequently, social research encompasses a range of paradigms, including quantitative and qualitative, empirical and theoretical approaches. This methodological diversity allows for a nuanced analysis of social issues from multiple perspectives and levels. In public policy research, this variety enables researchers to select the most appropriate tools for specific issues. For instance, while quantitative analysis can reveal macro-level changes following policy implementation, qualitative research provides insights into the micro-level effects on individuals and communities. This multi-layered approach not only deepens the analysis but also enhances the relevance and feasibility of policy recommendations.The third characteristic is the practice-oriented and socially conscious nature of social research methods. These methods transcend theoretical exploration, emphasizing responses to and solutions for real-world problems. At the heart of public policy and public administration lies the mission to serve society and improve living conditions. Social research methods, through their in-depth examination of social phenomena, offer pathways and solutions to address these issues. This practice orientation renders social research not merely a process of knowledge production but a crucial force for social change. In particular, when confronting complex and urgent social issues, the keen insight and problem-solving capabilities demonstrated by social research methods provide invaluable guidance to policymakers. For example, in addressing social inequality, social research can uncover its underlying causes, thereby furnishing a scientific basis for crafting fair and just public policies. The application of social research methods spans every phase of public policy and administration—whether in policy formulation, implementation, or evaluation. Especially in an era of advanced globalization and information technology, with increasingly complex social issues and mounting challenges in public management, only through scientific social research methods can we better understand social realities and grasp the trends of social change, thereby devising more effective and sustainable public policies. Hence, social research methods are not only crucial academic tools but also pivotal forces in promoting societal progress and effective governance [2].

3.Application of Social Research Methods in Public Policy Development

3.1.Overview of the Public Policy Development Process

The process of formulating public policy is a complex and multi-dimensional system, entailing the interplay of various stakeholders, decision-making levels, and social factors. This process transcends mere technical or procedural operations, emerging instead as the result of the intermingling of political, economic, and social forces. Public policy formation typically begins with problem identification and agenda-setting, progresses through policy analysis and selection, and culminates in policy implementation and evaluation. Each stage occurs within a specific social context, influenced and constrained by diverse forces. In the initial stage of policy development, problem identification is of paramount importance. This phase is not merely about identifying "obvious" social issues but involves a political selection of which problems should be prioritized as policy matters. This process is often dominated by elite groups with power and resources, whose agenda-setting abilities profoundly impact the direction of policy. It is noteworthy that many social issues emerge not spontaneously but through various social movements, media coverage, and lobbying by interest groups, gradually gaining public attention. In other words, setting the policy agenda is a competitive process where the interplay and compromise between different interest groups determine which issues receive focus. Once issues are included in the agenda, the policy analysis and selection phase typically involves sophisticated social research methods. These methods not only assist decision-makers in understanding the nature and scope of the issues but also provide empirical evidence for the potential effects and impacts of proposed policy options. During this stage, the integration of quantitative and qualitative research offers policymakers a comprehensive perspective. While the collection and analysis of data and evidence are crucial, interpreting and utilizing this information is equally important. Policy-making often occurs amidst uncertainty and incomplete information, making the values, beliefs, and ideologies of decision-makers inevitably significant. Following the selection and design of policies, the execution phase ensues. However, implementation is not a static process; it is influenced by the capacity of executing agencies, resource allocation, and the reactions of policy targets. Distortions and deviations during implementation further reflect the complexity and real-world challenges of policy-making. In essence, the public policy formulation process is a matter of redistributing social interests and rebalancing power. It represents not just technical operations but an interaction between social research methods and real-world political and economic forces. For social researchers, understanding and navigating these intricate interactions is crucial for advancing effective public policy and upholding a commitment to social justice and the public good.

3.2.Application of Quantitative Research Methods in Public Policy Development

Quantitative research methodologies hold an indispensable role in the formulation of public policy, offering scientific foundations for policy decisions through precise data analysis and model construction. The core advantage of this approach lies in its ability to handle extensive social data, distilling key factors that influence policy outcomes. For instance, in the development of economic policies, quantitative research, through statistical analysis of economic indicators, uncovers the potential impacts of various policy options on variables such as economic growth and employment rates, thereby assisting policymakers in selecting the most optimal solution. Additionally, quantitative research can simulate the future impacts of policies through predictive models, enhancing the foresight of policies and reducing decision-making uncertainties. However, despite its strengths in data handling, quantitative methods often overlook the humanistic factors and social complexities underlying policies. Therefore, in policy formulation, quantitative research should be integrated with qualitative research to fully grasp the social impacts of policies, achieving a true balance between scientific and humanistic considerations. This multidimensional research strategy not only enriches the tools available for policy-making but also enhances the scientific and equitable nature of public administration [3].

3.3.Application of Qualitative Research Methods in Public Policy Development

The application of qualitative research methods in public policy formulation is crucial, particularly in contexts where a profound understanding of social phenomena, human behavior, and their underlying complexities is required. Qualitative research methods exhibit irreplaceable value in such scenarios. The process of public policy formulation transcends mere rational calculation, encompassing a comprehensive consideration of societal interests, cultural contexts, and collective psychology. These aspects are often difficult to fully capture through quantitative data alone. Qualitative research methods, with their flexibility and depth, offer rich insights into social issues, aiding policymakers in making more informed decisions within complex social environments. Through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation, qualitative research can uncover underlying issues beneath superficial appearances. In the process of public policy formulation, qualitative research helps reveal the genuine needs, cultural backgrounds, and values of policy audiences, thereby preventing a one-sided or simplistic approach to policy design. By conducting thorough interviews, policymakers can gain authentic perspectives from diverse social groups, understanding their attitudes and expectations regarding policy issues, which is essential for crafting more inclusive and feasible policies. Furthermore, qualitative research methods can effectively capture subtle changes in social dynamics, assisting decision-makers in timely adjustments to policy direction. In rapidly evolving social contexts, quantitative data may not promptly reflect new social trends, whereas qualitative research, through in-depth social investigations, case studies, and cultural analyses, enables policymakers to keenly detect societal shifts, ensuring the timeliness and adaptability of policies. However, the application of qualitative research methods also presents challenges. For instance, researcher subjectivity may influence the objectivity of research outcomes, and data interpretation can be constrained by the researcher’s personal biases. Thus, it is imperative to adhere strictly to scientific research procedures to ensure the rigor of data collection and analysis.

4.Application of Social Research Methods in Public Administration Practice

4.1.Fundamental Concepts and Tasks of Public Administration

The core concept of public administration emanates from an understanding of governmental functions. It encompasses not only the execution of policies but also profoundly impacts the stability and development of societal structures. The essence of public administration lies in its dedication to the public good, manifested through the management and allocation of societal resources, responsiveness to public needs, and the maintenance of social justice. The task of public administration extends beyond the mere implementation of established policies; it involves continuous reflection and adjustment throughout the execution process to ensure fairness and efficacy. This process is not a mere technical operation but requires a profound comprehension of how social changes, cultural differences, and economic fluctuations affect policy implementation. The complexity of public administration dictates that it cannot rely solely on experience and intuition for management and decision-making. Social research methods play a pivotal role in this context. Through quantitative and qualitative research, public administration can obtain precise data on societal needs, enabling the formulation of more targeted policies. These research methods not only assist administrators in forecasting social trends but also in assessing the potential impact of policies, allowing for necessary revisions and optimizations before implementation. The responsibilities of public administration also encompass fostering public participation and ensuring transparency and accountability in the administrative process. This implies that public administration is not only the executor of policies but also a bridge between the public and the government. In this process, social research methods provide a scientific framework, enabling administrators to effectively gather public opinions, understand the needs and expectations of different groups, and thus craft policies that are more inclusive and feasible. In modern society, the role of public administration is increasingly complex and multifaceted. It must address traditional administrative challenges such as resource allocation and order maintenance, as well as emerging social issues like environmental protection and information governance. The application of social research methods allows public administration to better tackle these challenges, ensuring alignment between policies and practices, thereby promoting sustainable societal development. By continually refining administrative mechanisms, public administration not only ensures the effective operation of governmental functions but also provides a robust guarantee for societal stability and longevity[4].

4.2.Application of Quantitative Research Methods in Public Administration

The application of quantitative research methods in public administration has significantly advanced the scientific and precise nature of administrative decision-making. In the contemporary realm of public administration, data has become a crucial cornerstone for decision-making. Quantitative research, through the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, provides robust support for public policy formulation. This method not only enables policymakers to gain a deeper understanding of the essence of social issues but also allows for real-time monitoring and evaluation during policy implementation to ensure that the policies achieve their intended objectives. In the practical operations of public administration, quantitative research assists managers in uncovering the underlying patterns of social phenomena. For instance, the formulation of social security policies often relies on extensive demographic and economic indicators. Quantitative research, through the analysis of these data, identifies the most vulnerable groups within society, thus providing a basis for the rational allocation of resources. The precision of quantitative research enhances the specificity of policies while also minimizing the potential for resource wastage. Moreover, the application of quantitative research in public administration extends to the forecasting and assessment of policy outcomes. By constructing mathematical models, it is possible to simulate the potential effects of various policy options post-implementation, offering decision-makers a tangible reference. This forecasting not only enhances the forward-looking nature of policies but also reduces the risk of policy failure. Importantly, quantitative research methods can track the effects of policy implementation, identifying deviations through the analysis of actual data, and making necessary adjustments. This feedback mechanism endows public administration with the ability to dynamically adjust and better meet the evolving needs of society. However, quantitative research methods are not without limitations. Overreliance on data and models may overlook the complexities of human behavior and social phenomena. Some critical social issues cannot be fully grasped through data and numbers alone. Therefore, quantitative research must be integrated with qualitative research methods to consider multiple factors and ensure that public policies are more comprehensive and effective. Overall, the application of quantitative research methods in public administration has enhanced the scientific and practical nature of decision-making, while also advancing policy transparency and fairness. With technological progress and the increasing richness of data, the role of quantitative research in public administration will become increasingly significant, serving not only as the foundation for effective decision-making today but also as a core driving force for future intelligent governance [5].

4.3.Application of Qualitative Research Methods in Public Administration

The application of qualitative research methods in public administration is increasingly emphasized due to its ability to delve into the underlying issues behind social phenomena. Qualitative research focuses on a profound understanding of cases, groups, and organizations through fieldwork, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and other methods, revealing the complexities and diversities in policy implementation. Unlike the macro perspective of quantitative research, qualitative research offers a nuanced observation at the micro level, capturing the latent contradictions and conflicts in the process of public policy execution. Qualitative research transcends mere data collection and analysis, providing an interpretation of human behavior in public administration practice. This method examines the interactions between individuals and groups within specific contexts, uncovering the relationships among various stakeholders during policy implementation and their impact on policy outcomes. Many issues in public administration, such as policy failures and the erosion of public trust, are often closely linked to complex factors like conflicts of interest and power struggles. Through in-depth exploration of these phenomena, qualitative research can offer policymakers more detailed feedback, thereby enhancing policy design and implementation processes. In practical public administration, qualitative research not only helps identify key issues in policy execution but also provides crucial insights for policy innovation. In a diverse and complex social environment, the deep insights provided by qualitative research are particularly significant, offering a vital foundation for understanding the effects of public policies and injecting new vitality into the development of public administration theory. By employing qualitative research, public administrators can achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the diversity and complexity in policy execution, leading to more precise decision-making in practice.

5.Conclusion

The application of social research methods in public policy formulation and public administration practice serves not only as a validation of theory but also as a guiding principle for practice. By integrating quantitative and qualitative research approaches, one can gain a deeper understanding of the diversity and complexity of social issues, thus providing a robust foundation for policy-making and administrative practices. In the face of new challenges brought about by globalization and information technology, the continuous innovation and development of social research methods is a crucial avenue for enhancing public governance capabilities. In the future, as social issues become increasingly intricate, social research methods will play an even more pivotal role in the public domain, with their scope and impact further expanding, thereby advancing societal progress and development.