A review of methods to improve power transmission for energy efficiency of both electric and hybrid vehicle

Research Article
Open access

A review of methods to improve power transmission for energy efficiency of both electric and hybrid vehicle

Chang Shi 1* , Xinyu Zhao 2 , Yu Wang 3 , Junxian Tang 4
  • 1 University of Virginia    
  • 2 Nanjing Jinling High School A Level Centre    
  • 3 Tianjin Light Industry Vocational Technical College    
  • 4 DSC international school    
  • *corresponding author nqs9yv@virginia.edu
Published on 25 September 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/12/20230335
ACE Vol.12
ISSN (Print): 2755-273X
ISSN (Online): 2755-2721
ISBN (Print): 978-1-83558-013-4
ISBN (Online): 978-1-83558-014-1

Abstract

In recent years, many optimization methods have been raised to deal with the fuel and cost efficiency problems of the new generation cars. This study reviews two primary optimization methods, one for pure electric cars and one for hybrid vehicles, with detailed explanations. For electric vehicles, methods for designing electric powertrains that are energy efficient while sustaining vehicle dynamics and ride quality are discussed. The three characteristics of energy consumption, dynamic performance, and ride comfort are optimized using modeling, and the final optimization method is determined, which can achieve a 93.5% improvement in lightweight and a 92% improvement in power transmission. Four standard powertrain transmissions are mentioned for hybrid vehicles with advantages and limitations. The most promising multimode information is selected to work with a single EM instead of the dual EMs that conventional hybrid cars contain. The simulation results of the single-EM HEV with the MMT model and its comparison test with the "THS II-LIke'' vehicle, holding the same parameters except having dual EMs, show the well-performance of this method in energy loss. In the end, a more efficient engine, the Atkinson engine, for hybrid vehicles is illustrated to substitute the traditional otto cycle engine.

Keywords:

power transmission, energy efficiency, electric vehicle, hybrid vehicle

Shi,C.;Zhao,X.;Wang,Y.;Tang,J. (2023). A review of methods to improve power transmission for energy efficiency of both electric and hybrid vehicle. Applied and Computational Engineering,12,307-313.
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References

[1]. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2018) Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100U8YT.pdf

[2]. Lei, F., Bai, Y., Zhu, J., Liu, J. (2019) A novel approach for electric powertrain optimization considering vehicle power performance, energy consumption, and ride comfort. ENG. ELSEVIER., 167: 1040-1050.

[3]. Zhu, F., Chen, L. , Yin, C. (2013) Design and Analysis of a Novel Multimode Transmission for a HEV Using a Single Electric Machine. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 62: 1097-1110

[4]. Wang, Y., Biswas, A., Rodriguez, R., Keshavarz-Motamed, Z. , Emadi, A. (2022) Hybrid electric vehicle specific engines: State-of-the-art review. Energy Rep. ELSEVIER., 8: 832-851

[5]. Lei, F., Du, B., Liu, X., Xie, X., Chai, T. (2016) Optimization of an implicit constrained multi-physics system for motor wheels of electric vehicle. ENG. ELSEVIER., 113: 980-990

[6]. Lei, F., Gu, K., Du, B., Xie, X. (2017) Comprehensive global optimization of an implicit constrained multi-physics system for electric vehicles with in-wheel motors. ENG. ELSEVIER., 139: 523-534

[7]. Hung, Y., Wu, C. (2015) A combined optimal sizing and energy management approach for hybrid in-wheel motors of EVs. ENG. ELSEVIER., 139:260-271

[8]. Yang, Y., Luh, Y., Cheung, C. (2004) Design and control of axial-flux brushless DC wheel motors for electric Vehicles-part I: multiobjective optimal design and analysis. IEEE Trans. Magn., 40: 1873-1882

[9]. Lachhab, I., Krichen, L. (2014) An improved energy management strategy for FC/UC hybrid electric vehicles propelled by motor-wheels. ENG.ELSEVIER., 39: 571-581

[10]. Hamiti, T., Gerada, C., Rottach, M. (2011) Weight optimisation of a surface mount permanent magnet synchronous motor using genetic algorithms and a combined electromagnetic-thermal co-simulation environment. IEEE Trans. Magn., 1536-1540

[11]. Luo, Y., Tan, D. (2013) Lightweight design of an in-wheel motor using the hybrid optimization method. Automot. Eng. Sage Journals., 227: 1590-1602

[12]. Shao, X., Naghdy, F., Du, H. (2017) Reliable fuzzy H∞ control for active suspension of inwheel motor driven electric vehicles with dynamic damping. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. ELSEVIER., 87: 365-383

[13]. Sun, W., Li, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, N. (2015) Vibration effect and control of In-Wheel Switched Reluctance Motor for electric vehicle. J Sound Vib. ELSEVIER., 338: 105-120

[14]. Bayindir, K., Gozukucuk, M., Tele, A., A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicle Powertrain configurations, powertrain control techniques and electronic control units. Energy Convers. Manag. ELSEVIER., 52: 1305-1313

[15]. Zhuang, W., Li, S., Zheng, X., Kum, D., Song, Z., Yin, G., Ju, F. (2020) A survey of powertrain configuration studies on hybrid electric vehicles. Appl. Energy, ELSEVIER., 262, ISSN 0306-2619

[16]. Union of Concerned Scientists. (2015) Series vs Parallel vs Series/Parallel Drivetrains. https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/all-about-drivetrains#:~:text=Series%20drivetrains&text=In%20a%20series%20hybrid%2C%20the,battery%20or%20the%20engine%2Fgenerator.

[17]. Chen, H., Li, L., Küçükay, F. (2021) Study of Series-Parallel and Power-Split DHT for Hybrid Powertrains. Automot. Innov.

[18]. Tota, A., Galvanometer, E., Velardocchia, M. (2021) On the Power-Weighted Efficiency of Multimode Powertrain: A Case Study on a Two-Mode Hybrid System. Mechan. Machine Science Springer, Cham., 1081

[19]. Staunton, R.H., Ayers, C.W., Marlino, L.D., Chiasson, J.N., Burees, T.A. (2006) Evaluation of 2004 Toyota Prius hybrid electric drive system. U.S. Dept. Energy Freedom CAR Veh. Technol.

[20]. Yang, Y., Hu, X., Pei, H., Peng, Z. (2016) Comparison of power-split and parallel hybrid powertrain architectures with a single electric machine: dynamic programming approach. (2016) Appl.Energy, ELSEVIER., 168: 683-690

[21]. Li, Y.Y., Wang, S., Duan, X., Liu, S., Liu, J.P., Hu, S. (2021) Multi-objective energy management for Atkinson cycle engine and series hybrid electric vehicle based on evolutionary NSGA-II algorithm using digital twins. Energy Convers. Manag. ELSEVIER., 230

[22]. Sarkhi, A.A., Akash, B., Nada, A., Hinti, A. (2008) Efficiency of Atkinson Engine at Maximum Power Density using Temperature Dependent Specific Heats. Jordan Journal of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering., 2: 77

Cite this article

Shi,C.;Zhao,X.;Wang,Y.;Tang,J. (2023). A review of methods to improve power transmission for energy efficiency of both electric and hybrid vehicle. Applied and Computational Engineering,12,307-313.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Mechatronics and Smart Systems

ISBN：978-1-83558-013-4(Print) / 978-1-83558-014-1(Online)
Editor：Seyed Ghaffar, Alan Wang
Conference website: https://2023.confmss.org/
Conference date: 24 June 2023
Series: Applied and Computational Engineering
Volume number: Vol.12
ISSN：2755-2721(Print) / 2755-273X(Online)

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References

[1]. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2018) Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100U8YT.pdf

[2]. Lei, F., Bai, Y., Zhu, J., Liu, J. (2019) A novel approach for electric powertrain optimization considering vehicle power performance, energy consumption, and ride comfort. ENG. ELSEVIER., 167: 1040-1050.

[3]. Zhu, F., Chen, L. , Yin, C. (2013) Design and Analysis of a Novel Multimode Transmission for a HEV Using a Single Electric Machine. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 62: 1097-1110

[4]. Wang, Y., Biswas, A., Rodriguez, R., Keshavarz-Motamed, Z. , Emadi, A. (2022) Hybrid electric vehicle specific engines: State-of-the-art review. Energy Rep. ELSEVIER., 8: 832-851

[5]. Lei, F., Du, B., Liu, X., Xie, X., Chai, T. (2016) Optimization of an implicit constrained multi-physics system for motor wheels of electric vehicle. ENG. ELSEVIER., 113: 980-990

[6]. Lei, F., Gu, K., Du, B., Xie, X. (2017) Comprehensive global optimization of an implicit constrained multi-physics system for electric vehicles with in-wheel motors. ENG. ELSEVIER., 139: 523-534

[7]. Hung, Y., Wu, C. (2015) A combined optimal sizing and energy management approach for hybrid in-wheel motors of EVs. ENG. ELSEVIER., 139:260-271

[8]. Yang, Y., Luh, Y., Cheung, C. (2004) Design and control of axial-flux brushless DC wheel motors for electric Vehicles-part I: multiobjective optimal design and analysis. IEEE Trans. Magn., 40: 1873-1882

[9]. Lachhab, I., Krichen, L. (2014) An improved energy management strategy for FC/UC hybrid electric vehicles propelled by motor-wheels. ENG.ELSEVIER., 39: 571-581

[10]. Hamiti, T., Gerada, C., Rottach, M. (2011) Weight optimisation of a surface mount permanent magnet synchronous motor using genetic algorithms and a combined electromagnetic-thermal co-simulation environment. IEEE Trans. Magn., 1536-1540

[11]. Luo, Y., Tan, D. (2013) Lightweight design of an in-wheel motor using the hybrid optimization method. Automot. Eng. Sage Journals., 227: 1590-1602

[12]. Shao, X., Naghdy, F., Du, H. (2017) Reliable fuzzy H∞ control for active suspension of inwheel motor driven electric vehicles with dynamic damping. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. ELSEVIER., 87: 365-383

[13]. Sun, W., Li, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, N. (2015) Vibration effect and control of In-Wheel Switched Reluctance Motor for electric vehicle. J Sound Vib. ELSEVIER., 338: 105-120

[14]. Bayindir, K., Gozukucuk, M., Tele, A., A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicle Powertrain configurations, powertrain control techniques and electronic control units. Energy Convers. Manag. ELSEVIER., 52: 1305-1313

[15]. Zhuang, W., Li, S., Zheng, X., Kum, D., Song, Z., Yin, G., Ju, F. (2020) A survey of powertrain configuration studies on hybrid electric vehicles. Appl. Energy, ELSEVIER., 262, ISSN 0306-2619

[16]. Union of Concerned Scientists. (2015) Series vs Parallel vs Series/Parallel Drivetrains. https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/all-about-drivetrains#:~:text=Series%20drivetrains&text=In%20a%20series%20hybrid%2C%20the,battery%20or%20the%20engine%2Fgenerator.

[17]. Chen, H., Li, L., Küçükay, F. (2021) Study of Series-Parallel and Power-Split DHT for Hybrid Powertrains. Automot. Innov.

[18]. Tota, A., Galvanometer, E., Velardocchia, M. (2021) On the Power-Weighted Efficiency of Multimode Powertrain: A Case Study on a Two-Mode Hybrid System. Mechan. Machine Science Springer, Cham., 1081

[19]. Staunton, R.H., Ayers, C.W., Marlino, L.D., Chiasson, J.N., Burees, T.A. (2006) Evaluation of 2004 Toyota Prius hybrid electric drive system. U.S. Dept. Energy Freedom CAR Veh. Technol.

[20]. Yang, Y., Hu, X., Pei, H., Peng, Z. (2016) Comparison of power-split and parallel hybrid powertrain architectures with a single electric machine: dynamic programming approach. (2016) Appl.Energy, ELSEVIER., 168: 683-690

[21]. Li, Y.Y., Wang, S., Duan, X., Liu, S., Liu, J.P., Hu, S. (2021) Multi-objective energy management for Atkinson cycle engine and series hybrid electric vehicle based on evolutionary NSGA-II algorithm using digital twins. Energy Convers. Manag. ELSEVIER., 230

[22]. Sarkhi, A.A., Akash, B., Nada, A., Hinti, A. (2008) Efficiency of Atkinson Engine at Maximum Power Density using Temperature Dependent Specific Heats. Jordan Journal of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering., 2: 77

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