Self-adhesive and conductive hydrogels and their applications in bioelectronics

Research Article
Open access

Self-adhesive and conductive hydrogels and their applications in bioelectronics

Chunlin Wu 1*
  • 1 National University of Singapore    
  • *corresponding author wcl13361263678@163.com
Published on 7 November 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/25/20230775
ACE Vol.25
ISSN (Print): 2755-273X
ISSN (Online): 2755-2721
ISBN (Print): 978-1-83558-071-4
ISBN (Online): 978-1-83558-072-1

Abstract

At present, the market pressure strain sensors mainly include intrinsic conductivity, composite conductivity, and flexible metal conductivity. Most of the strain sensors can met various basic requirements such as strain sensitivity and mechanical properties. However, biocompatibility and the ease of use are still areas to be explored and improved. This paper proposes a novel strategy to fabricate a kind of self-adhesive and conductive hydrogel using natural biomacromolecule gelatin, tannic acid (TA) and conductive polymer PEDOT: PSS. The sensor is biocompatible, nontoxic, and can be directly attached to the skin without the use of adhesive tape, and sufficiently large electrical signal response can be collected under stress. The presence of tannic acid forms a cross-linking network with the gelatin in the organic hydrogel, which can effectively increase the toughness (which can reach 203.62 kPa/m3). PEDOT: PSS provides the conductivity for the hydrogel, and hydrogel with 0.3wt% PEDOT: PSS content have a conductivity of about 2.1ms/cm. Therefore, this study found the possibility of making a flexible electronic element by using a composite of PEDOT: PSS, gelatin, and TA.

Keywords:

strain sensor, flexible electronic element, composit materials, PEDOT: PSS, tannic acid

Wu,C. (2023). Self-adhesive and conductive hydrogels and their applications in bioelectronics. Applied and Computational Engineering,25,267-275.
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References

[1]. D.H. Kim et al. (2011) Epidermal Electronics, Science 333, 838.

[2]. R. Lv, Z. Bei, Y. Huang, Y. Chen, Z. Zheng, Q. You, C. Zhu, and Y. Cao (2020) Mussel-Inspired Flexible, Wearable, and Self-Adhesive Conductive Hydrogels for Strain Sensors, Macromol Rapid Comm 41, 1900450.

[3]. C. Xie, X. Wang, H. He, Y. Ding, and X. Lu (2020) Mussel-Inspired Hydrogels for Self-Adhesive Bioelectronics, Adv Funct Mater 30, 1909954.

[4]. A. Elschner, S. Kirchmeyer, W. Lovenich, U. Merker, K. Reuter (2011) PEDOT: Principles and Applications of an Intrinsically Conductive Polymer; CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[5]. N. Gao, J. Yu, Q. Tian, J. Shi, M. Zhang, S. Chen, and L. Zang (2021) Application of PEDOT: PSS and Its Composites in Electrochemical and Electronic Chemosensors, Chemosens 9, 79.

[6]. Z. Xu, J. Song, B. Liu, S. Lv, F. Gao, X. Luo, and P. Wang (2021) A Conducting Polymer PEDOT: PSS Hydrogel Based Wearable Sensor for Accurate Uric Acid Detection in Human Sweat, Sensors Actuators B Chem 348, 130674.

[7]. Q. Zhao, S. Mu, Y. Long, J. Zhou, W. Chen, D. Astruc, C. Gaidau, and H. Gu (2019) Tannin-Tethered Gelatin Hydrogels with Considerable Self-Healing and Adhesive Performances, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 304, 1800664.

[8]. J. Wang, F. Tang, Y. Wang, Q. Lu, S. Liu, and L. Li (2020) Self-Healing and Highly Stretchable Gelatin Hydrogel for Self-Powered Strain Sensor, Acs Appl Mater Inter 12, 1558.

[9]. F. Wu et al. (2017) Conductivity Enhancement of PEDOT: PSS via Addition of Chloroplatinic Acid and Its Mechanism, Adv Electron Mater 3, 1700047.

[10]. T. N. Lam, G. S. Lee, B. Kim, H. D. Xuan, D. Kim, S. I. Yoo, and J. Yoon (2021) Microfluidic Preparation of Highly Stretchable Natural Rubber Microfiber Containing CNT/PEDOT: PSS Hybrid for Fabric-Sewable Wearable Strain Sensor, Compos Sci Technol 210, 108811.

[11]. Y.F. Zhang, M.M. Guo, Y. Zhang, C. Y. Tang, C. Jiang, Y. Dong, W.C. Law, and F.P. Du (2020) Flexible, Stretchable and Conductive PVA/PEDOT: PSS Composite Hydrogels Prepared by SIPN Strategy, Polym Test 81, 106213.

[12]. F. Sun, X. Huang, X. Wang, H. Liu, Y. Wu, F. Du, and Y. Zhang (2021) Highly Transparent, Adhesive, Stretchable and Conductive PEDOT: PSS/Polyacrylamide Hydrogels for Flexible Strain Sensors, Colloids Surfaces Physicochem Eng Aspects 625, 126897.

[13]. M. Suneetha, O. S. Moo, S. M. Choi, S. Zo, K. M. Rao, and S. S. Han (2021) Tissue-Adhesive, Stretchable, and Self-Healable Hydrogels Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Dopamine/PEDOT: PSS via Mussel-Inspired Chemistry for Bioelectronic Applications, Chem Eng J 426, 130847.

[14]. F. Wu et al. (2017) Conductivity Enhancement of PEDOT: PSS via Addition of Chloroplatinic Acid and Its Mechanism, Adv Electron Mater 3, 1700047.

[15]. F. Furlani, M. Montanari, N. Sangiorgi, E. Saracino, E. Campodoni, A. Sanson, V. Benfenati, A. Tampieri, S. Panseri, and M. Sandri (2022) Electroconductive and Injectable Hydrogels Based on Gelatin and PEDOT: PSS for a Minimally Invasive Approach in Nervous Tissue Regeneration, Biomater Sci-Uk 10, 2040.

[16]. S. F. A. Zaidi, Y. A. Kim, A. Saeed, N. Sarwar, N.E. Lee, D. H. Yoon, B. Lim, and J. H. Lee (2022) Tannic Acid Modified Antifreezing Gelatin Organohydrogel for Low Modulus, High Toughness, and Sensitive Flexible Strain Sensor, Int J Biol Macromol 209, 1665.

[17]. S. Yang, Y. Zhang, T. Wang, W. Sun, and Z. Tong (2020) Ultrafast and Programmable Shape Memory Hydrogel of Gelatin Soaked in Tannic Acid Solution, Acs Appl Mater Inter 12, 46701.

[18]. X. Zhang, M. D. Do, P. Casey, A. Sulistio, G. G. Qiao, L. Lundin, P. Lillford, and S. Kosaraju, (2010) Chemical Modification of Gelatin by a Natural Phenolic Cross-Linker, Tannic Acid, J Agr Food Chem 58, 6809.

[19]. K. Han, Q. Bai, W. Wu, N. Sun, N. Cui, and T. Lu (2021) Gelatin-Based Adhesive Hydrogel with Self-Healing, Hemostasis, and Electrical Conductivity, Int J Biol Macromol 183, 2142.

[20]. N. Pandey, L. F. Soto-Garcia, J. Liao, Philippe Zimmern, K. T. Nguyen, and Y. Hong (2020) Mussel-Inspired Bioadhesives in Healthcare: Design Parameters, Current Trends, and Future Perspectives, Biomater Sci-Uk 8, 1240.

[21]. M. Bhattacharjee, M. Soni, P. Escobedo, and R. Dahiya (2020) PEDOT: PSS Microchannel -Based Highly Sensitive Stretchable Strain Sensor, Adv Electron Mater 6, 2000445.

Cite this article

Wu,C. (2023). Self-adhesive and conductive hydrogels and their applications in bioelectronics. Applied and Computational Engineering,25,267-275.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Functional Materials and Civil Engineering

ISBN：978-1-83558-071-4(Print) / 978-1-83558-072-1(Online)
Editor：Bhupesh Kumar
Conference website: https://www.conffmce.org/
Conference date: 26 August 2023
Series: Applied and Computational Engineering
Volume number: Vol.25
ISSN：2755-2721(Print) / 2755-273X(Online)

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References

[1]. D.H. Kim et al. (2011) Epidermal Electronics, Science 333, 838.

[2]. R. Lv, Z. Bei, Y. Huang, Y. Chen, Z. Zheng, Q. You, C. Zhu, and Y. Cao (2020) Mussel-Inspired Flexible, Wearable, and Self-Adhesive Conductive Hydrogels for Strain Sensors, Macromol Rapid Comm 41, 1900450.

[3]. C. Xie, X. Wang, H. He, Y. Ding, and X. Lu (2020) Mussel-Inspired Hydrogels for Self-Adhesive Bioelectronics, Adv Funct Mater 30, 1909954.

[4]. A. Elschner, S. Kirchmeyer, W. Lovenich, U. Merker, K. Reuter (2011) PEDOT: Principles and Applications of an Intrinsically Conductive Polymer; CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[5]. N. Gao, J. Yu, Q. Tian, J. Shi, M. Zhang, S. Chen, and L. Zang (2021) Application of PEDOT: PSS and Its Composites in Electrochemical and Electronic Chemosensors, Chemosens 9, 79.

[6]. Z. Xu, J. Song, B. Liu, S. Lv, F. Gao, X. Luo, and P. Wang (2021) A Conducting Polymer PEDOT: PSS Hydrogel Based Wearable Sensor for Accurate Uric Acid Detection in Human Sweat, Sensors Actuators B Chem 348, 130674.

[7]. Q. Zhao, S. Mu, Y. Long, J. Zhou, W. Chen, D. Astruc, C. Gaidau, and H. Gu (2019) Tannin-Tethered Gelatin Hydrogels with Considerable Self-Healing and Adhesive Performances, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 304, 1800664.

[8]. J. Wang, F. Tang, Y. Wang, Q. Lu, S. Liu, and L. Li (2020) Self-Healing and Highly Stretchable Gelatin Hydrogel for Self-Powered Strain Sensor, Acs Appl Mater Inter 12, 1558.

[9]. F. Wu et al. (2017) Conductivity Enhancement of PEDOT: PSS via Addition of Chloroplatinic Acid and Its Mechanism, Adv Electron Mater 3, 1700047.

[10]. T. N. Lam, G. S. Lee, B. Kim, H. D. Xuan, D. Kim, S. I. Yoo, and J. Yoon (2021) Microfluidic Preparation of Highly Stretchable Natural Rubber Microfiber Containing CNT/PEDOT: PSS Hybrid for Fabric-Sewable Wearable Strain Sensor, Compos Sci Technol 210, 108811.

[11]. Y.F. Zhang, M.M. Guo, Y. Zhang, C. Y. Tang, C. Jiang, Y. Dong, W.C. Law, and F.P. Du (2020) Flexible, Stretchable and Conductive PVA/PEDOT: PSS Composite Hydrogels Prepared by SIPN Strategy, Polym Test 81, 106213.

[12]. F. Sun, X. Huang, X. Wang, H. Liu, Y. Wu, F. Du, and Y. Zhang (2021) Highly Transparent, Adhesive, Stretchable and Conductive PEDOT: PSS/Polyacrylamide Hydrogels for Flexible Strain Sensors, Colloids Surfaces Physicochem Eng Aspects 625, 126897.

[13]. M. Suneetha, O. S. Moo, S. M. Choi, S. Zo, K. M. Rao, and S. S. Han (2021) Tissue-Adhesive, Stretchable, and Self-Healable Hydrogels Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Dopamine/PEDOT: PSS via Mussel-Inspired Chemistry for Bioelectronic Applications, Chem Eng J 426, 130847.

[14]. F. Wu et al. (2017) Conductivity Enhancement of PEDOT: PSS via Addition of Chloroplatinic Acid and Its Mechanism, Adv Electron Mater 3, 1700047.

[15]. F. Furlani, M. Montanari, N. Sangiorgi, E. Saracino, E. Campodoni, A. Sanson, V. Benfenati, A. Tampieri, S. Panseri, and M. Sandri (2022) Electroconductive and Injectable Hydrogels Based on Gelatin and PEDOT: PSS for a Minimally Invasive Approach in Nervous Tissue Regeneration, Biomater Sci-Uk 10, 2040.

[16]. S. F. A. Zaidi, Y. A. Kim, A. Saeed, N. Sarwar, N.E. Lee, D. H. Yoon, B. Lim, and J. H. Lee (2022) Tannic Acid Modified Antifreezing Gelatin Organohydrogel for Low Modulus, High Toughness, and Sensitive Flexible Strain Sensor, Int J Biol Macromol 209, 1665.

[17]. S. Yang, Y. Zhang, T. Wang, W. Sun, and Z. Tong (2020) Ultrafast and Programmable Shape Memory Hydrogel of Gelatin Soaked in Tannic Acid Solution, Acs Appl Mater Inter 12, 46701.

[18]. X. Zhang, M. D. Do, P. Casey, A. Sulistio, G. G. Qiao, L. Lundin, P. Lillford, and S. Kosaraju, (2010) Chemical Modification of Gelatin by a Natural Phenolic Cross-Linker, Tannic Acid, J Agr Food Chem 58, 6809.

[19]. K. Han, Q. Bai, W. Wu, N. Sun, N. Cui, and T. Lu (2021) Gelatin-Based Adhesive Hydrogel with Self-Healing, Hemostasis, and Electrical Conductivity, Int J Biol Macromol 183, 2142.

[20]. N. Pandey, L. F. Soto-Garcia, J. Liao, Philippe Zimmern, K. T. Nguyen, and Y. Hong (2020) Mussel-Inspired Bioadhesives in Healthcare: Design Parameters, Current Trends, and Future Perspectives, Biomater Sci-Uk 8, 1240.

[21]. M. Bhattacharjee, M. Soni, P. Escobedo, and R. Dahiya (2020) PEDOT: PSS Microchannel -Based Highly Sensitive Stretchable Strain Sensor, Adv Electron Mater 6, 2000445.

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