
The Impact of Remote Work on Workplace Loneliness During and after COVID-19: A Literature Review
- 1 University of Toronto
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly transformed work practices, making remote work a mainstream operation rather than an option. This literature review investigates the complex relationship between remote work and workplace loneliness during and post-COVID-19. The review synthesizes findings from 13 empirical studies published between January 2020 and July 2024. Remote work offers flexibility, reduces commute times, and increases feelings of loneliness due to reduced social interactions. Key factors moderating this impact include social support, communication technologies, job demands, and job control. The review highlights the importance of robust social support systems and advanced communication tools to mitigate loneliness. It emphasizes the need for longitudinal research to understand the long-term effects of remote work on workplace loneliness. Practical insights for organizational leaders are provided to design remote work policies that enhance employee well-being and engagement.
Keywords
Remote work, Workplace loneliness, COVID-19, Social support, Communication technologies
[1]. Nilles, J. (1975). Telecommunications and organizational decentralization. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 23(10), 1142-1147.
[2]. Grant, C. A., Wallace, L. M., & Spurgeon, P. C. (2013). An exploration of the psychological factors affecting remote e-worker's job effectiveness, well-being and work-life balance. Employee Relations, 35(5), 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-08-2012-0059
[3]. Twentyman, J. (2010), “The flexible workforce”, The Times, 21 September, pp. 1-16
[4]. Noonan, M. C., & Glass, J. L. (2012). The hard truth about telecommuting. Monthly Lab. Rev., 135, 38.
[5]. Hartig, T., Kylin, C., & Johansson, G. (2007). The telework tradeoff: Stress mitigation vs. constrained restoration. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56(2), 231-253.
[6]. Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(2), 40-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273
[7]. Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., et al. (2020). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
[8]. Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510-512. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017
[9]. Faulds, D. J., & Raju, P. S. (2021). The work-from-home trend: An interview with Brian Kropp. Business horizons, 64(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.10.005
[10]. Bryan, B. T., Andrews, G., Thompson, K. N., Qualter, P., Matthews, T., & Arseneault, L. (2023). Loneliness in the workplace: A mixed-method systematic review and meta-analysis. Occupational Medicine (London), 73(9), 557-567. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqad138
[11]. Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. Personal Relationships, 3, 31–56.
[12]. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352
[13]. Ozcelik, H., & Barsade, S. G. (2018). No employee an island: Workplace loneliness and job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 61(6), 2343-2366. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.1066
[14]. Stern, M. (2021). The Impact of Remote Work on Employee's Performance and Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Effect of Remote Work on Hope and Loneliness (Master's thesis, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (Portugal)).https://www.proquest.com/openview/8036f39d916d343f830ecc102a6d367a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
[15]. Rund, M. (2021). Working from home and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of supervisor support and loneliness (Bachelor’s thesis, University of Twente). https://purl.utwente.nl/essays/87580
[16]. Miyake, F., Odgerel, C.-O., Hino, A., Ikegami, K., Nagata, T., Tateishi, S., Tsuji, M., Matsuda, S., & Ishimaru, T. (2022). Job stress and loneliness among desk workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: Focus on remote working. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 27(33). https://doi.org/10.1265/ehpm.22-00107
[17]. Yang, L., Murad, M., Mirza, F., Chaudhary, N. I., & Saeed, M. (2022). Shadow of cyber ostracism over remote environment: Implication on remote work challenges, virtual work environment, and employee mental well-being during a Covid-19 pandemic. Acta Psychologica, 225, 103552.
[18]. Riski, N., Aprillia, I. J., & Ticoalu, Y. B. (2022). Impact of work from home on loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic in DKI Jakarta. European Journal of Psychological Research, 9, 17-24.
[19]. Bollestad, V., Amland, J.-S., & Olsen, E. (2022). The pros and cons of remote work in relation to bullying, loneliness and work engagement: A representative study among Norwegian workers during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1016368. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1016368
[20]. Taser, D., Aydin, E., Ozer Torgaloz, A., & Rofcanin, Y. (2022). An examination of remote e-working and flow experience: The role of technostress and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107020
[21]. Cheng, J., Sun, X., Zhong, Y., & Li, K. (2023). Flexible work arrangements and employees’ knowledge sharing in post-pandemic era: The roles of workplace loneliness and task interdependence. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13020168
[22]. Becker, W. J., Belkin, L. Y., Tuskey, S. A., & Conroy, S. A. (2022). Surviving remotely: How job control and loneliness during a forced shift to remote work impacted employee work behaviors and well-being. Human Resource Management, 61(4), 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22102
[23]. O’Hare, D., Gaughran, F., Stewart, R., & Pinto da Costa, M. (2024). A cross-sectional investigation on remote working, loneliness, workplace isolation, well-being and perceived social support in healthcare workers. BJPsych Open, 10, e50. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2024.7
[24]. Walz, T., Kensbock, J. M., de Jong, S. B., & Kunze, F. (2023). Lonely@Work@Home? The impact of work/home demands and support on workplace loneliness during remote work. European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2023.05.001
[25]. Bareket-Bojmel, L., Chernyak-Hai, L., & Margalit, M. (2023). Out of sight but not out of mind: The role of loneliness and hope in remote work and in job engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 202, 111955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111955
[26]. Chuang, Y. T., Chiang, H. L., & Lin, A. P. (2024). Information quality, work-family conflict, loneliness, and well-being in remote work settings. Computers in Human Behavior, 154, 108149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108149
[27]. Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
[28]. Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285-308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498
Cite this article
Wu,X. (2024). The Impact of Remote Work on Workplace Loneliness During and after COVID-19: A Literature Review. Communications in Humanities Research,39,250-257.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
Disclaimer/Publisher's Note
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s). EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
About volume
Volume title: Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Interdisciplinary Humanities and Communication Studies
© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who
publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this
series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published
version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial
publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and
during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See
Open access policy for details).