Volume 73

This paper investigates the systemic stigmatization of female performers in 19th-century Qing China and Hungary through a cross-cultural comparative framework. In both societies, women engaged in theatrical professions—though vital to artistic innovation—faced institutionalized marginalization. In 19th-century China, female opera performers faced explicit prohibition from public stage performances under Qing state decrees. They endured dual marginalization through institutional and social mechanisms: legally categorized as "degraded status groups" within the household registration system, their status was formally degraded below that of ordinary women. Simultaneously, pervasive social stigmatization conflated them with prostitutes in public discourse, regardless of actual professional distinctions. Concurrently in Hungary, actresses and ballet dancers, and other low-status theatre workers were publicly equated with courtesans or even sex workers; their professional dedication was obscured by societal fixation on their perceived moral transgressions. These parallel patterns demonstrate how patriarchal power structures exploited gendered stereotypes to suppress women’s vocational agency. By conflating artistic labor with sexual misconduct, authorities in 19th-century Qing China and Hungary reinforced rigid gender hierarchies that confined women primarily to domestic spheres as wives and mothers, effectively excluding them from public creative expression.

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This study carries out a systematic analysis on the process of evolution of geopolitical rivalry and diplomatic strategies between China and Australia during the 3rd stage of economic globalization. The study finds that China-Australia relations have evolved into a complex landscape characterised by a transition from economic complementarity to a coexistence of strategic competition and cooperation. Australia's relations with China are shaped by three main aspects: multilevel strategic concerns about China's rise, structural constraints due to the Australia-US alliance; and home-grown political forces shaping its relations with China. From the research, it is observed that new changes in economic globalization 3.0 like reorganization of global value chain, and growth of digital economy are having an immense impact on the interaction pattern between China and Australia. This article proposed policy suggestions on how to advance healthy Sino- Australian relations from three parts,which are strategic communication between China and Australia, Economic and Trade cooperation, People-to-People relationships. Also put forward some future research areas, like digital economy cooperation and economic and trade cooperation under RCEP framework etc. According to this study, it seems that if China and Australia can properly deal with their differences and innovate how they cooperate, they will be able to establish a more stable and mature bilateral relationship.

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