References
[1]. Crocq M. A. (2017). The history of generalized anxiety disorder as a diagnostic category. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 19(2), 107–116.
[2]. American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (Vol. 5). Washington, DC: American psychiatric association.
[3]. Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., Castonguay, L. G. (2013). Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: a review and theoretical synthesis of evidence on nature, etiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Annual review of clinical psychology, 9, 275–297.
[4]. Sibrava, N. J., Borkovec, T. D. (2006). The cognitive avoidance theory of worry. Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment, 1, 239-256.
[5]. Davey, G. C. (2006). The catastrophising interview procedure. Worry and its psychological disorders, 1, 157-178.
[6]. Wells, A. (2006). The metacognitive model of worry and generalised anxiety disorder. Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment, 1, 179-199.
[7]. Papageorgiou, C. (2006). Worry and rumination: Styles of persistent negative thinking in anxiety and depression. Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment, 1, 21-40.
[8]. Spada, M. M., Hiou, K., Nikcevic, A. V. (2006). Metacognitions, Emotions, and Procrastination. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(3), 319–326.
[9]. Showraki, M., Showraki, T. (2021). Gad: Over-reactive and unstable mood. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 6, 100265.
[10]. Koerner N., Dugas M. J. (2006). “A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: The role of intolerance of uncertainty,” in Worry and Its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment eds Davey G. C. L., Wells A. (Chichester: Wiley; ), 1, 201–216.
[11]. Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: a review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical psychology review, 31(3), 371–382.
[12]. Pieper S, Brosschot J. F, van der Leeden R, Thayer J. F. (2011). Prolonged cardiac effects of momentary assessed stressful events and worry episodes. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2010;72(6):570–577.
[13]. Meeten, F., Davey, G. C. Mood-as-input hypothesis and perseverative psychopathologies. Clinical psychology review, 31(8), 1259–1275.
[14]. Martin, L. L., Ward, D. W., Achee, J. W., Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 317–326.
[15]. Startup, H. M., Davey, G. C. L. (2001). Mood as input and catatrophic worrying. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 83–96.
[16]. Handley, A. K., Egan, S. J., Kane, R. T., Rees, C. S. (2015). A randomised controlled trial of group cognitive behavioural therapy for perfectionism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 68, 37-47.
[17]. Curran, T., Hill, A. P. (2019). Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 410–429.
[18]. Startup, H. M., Erickson, T. M. (2006). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). In G. C. L. Davey, A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and Its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment, 1, 101-119.
[19]. Evans, S. (2016). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Springer, Cham, 145-154.
[20]. Hebert, E. A., Dugas, M. J. (2019). Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: Challenging the unknown in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 26(2), 421–436.
Cite this article
Li,X. (2023). Understanding Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Etiology, Mechanisms and Treatment Implications. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,7,460-466.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
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References
[1]. Crocq M. A. (2017). The history of generalized anxiety disorder as a diagnostic category. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 19(2), 107–116.
[2]. American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (Vol. 5). Washington, DC: American psychiatric association.
[3]. Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., Castonguay, L. G. (2013). Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: a review and theoretical synthesis of evidence on nature, etiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Annual review of clinical psychology, 9, 275–297.
[4]. Sibrava, N. J., Borkovec, T. D. (2006). The cognitive avoidance theory of worry. Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment, 1, 239-256.
[5]. Davey, G. C. (2006). The catastrophising interview procedure. Worry and its psychological disorders, 1, 157-178.
[6]. Wells, A. (2006). The metacognitive model of worry and generalised anxiety disorder. Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment, 1, 179-199.
[7]. Papageorgiou, C. (2006). Worry and rumination: Styles of persistent negative thinking in anxiety and depression. Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment, 1, 21-40.
[8]. Spada, M. M., Hiou, K., Nikcevic, A. V. (2006). Metacognitions, Emotions, and Procrastination. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(3), 319–326.
[9]. Showraki, M., Showraki, T. (2021). Gad: Over-reactive and unstable mood. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 6, 100265.
[10]. Koerner N., Dugas M. J. (2006). “A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: The role of intolerance of uncertainty,” in Worry and Its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment eds Davey G. C. L., Wells A. (Chichester: Wiley; ), 1, 201–216.
[11]. Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: a review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical psychology review, 31(3), 371–382.
[12]. Pieper S, Brosschot J. F, van der Leeden R, Thayer J. F. (2011). Prolonged cardiac effects of momentary assessed stressful events and worry episodes. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2010;72(6):570–577.
[13]. Meeten, F., Davey, G. C. Mood-as-input hypothesis and perseverative psychopathologies. Clinical psychology review, 31(8), 1259–1275.
[14]. Martin, L. L., Ward, D. W., Achee, J. W., Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 317–326.
[15]. Startup, H. M., Davey, G. C. L. (2001). Mood as input and catatrophic worrying. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 83–96.
[16]. Handley, A. K., Egan, S. J., Kane, R. T., Rees, C. S. (2015). A randomised controlled trial of group cognitive behavioural therapy for perfectionism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 68, 37-47.
[17]. Curran, T., Hill, A. P. (2019). Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 410–429.
[18]. Startup, H. M., Erickson, T. M. (2006). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). In G. C. L. Davey, A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and Its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment, 1, 101-119.
[19]. Evans, S. (2016). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Springer, Cham, 145-154.
[20]. Hebert, E. A., Dugas, M. J. (2019). Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: Challenging the unknown in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 26(2), 421–436.