China’s birth rate has dropped quickly, from 1.6 babies per woman in 2016 to 1.09 in 2023. More women of child‑bearing age are choosing to delay or skip both marriage and motherhood. Fertility is a major issue related to economy, society and family development. Based on care ethics and stakeholder theory, this study explores the ethical dilemmas confronting women under China’s evolving fertility policies, especially Three-Child Policy. Through semi-participant observation and in-depth interviews with ten women of childbearing age, which reveals the reasons from three dimensions, it is found that workplace discrimination, social norms displayed in family field and social-cultural constraints in whole society together lead to the ethical dilemmas of female fertility. This study improves insights of fertility decision from female individuals by arguing that the current policy shifts and design lack of support and social collaboration.This finding suggests that relevant measures are supposed to be taken under policy shifts to better safeguarding women’s reproductive and fair employment rights and enhancing sustainable social development.

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The safety of urban underground space is a key part of urban public safety. To address the challenges of underground safety, such as hidden dangers and difficulties in disposal, constructing digital underground spaces to enhance the safety of urban operations has become an effective strategy. This study focuses on the application of digital technology in the prevention of safety risks in underground spaces. By integrating governance and system resilience theories, a digital resilience analysis framework was constructed, and a practical case study of H city was used to analyze how digital technology integrates governance entities, forming a triple driving force to prevent risks and enhance urban resilience. Research shows that digital technology has achieved real-time monitoring, risk assessment, and precise disposal of underground hazards by promoting data fusion, model construction, and cross departmental cooperation, significantly improving the efficiency of urban underground space safety governance.

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This paper analyzes the representation humanistic thoughts through the windows of pavilions in Suzhou gardens. The papers looks at the history of garden design from Tang dynasty and relationship to literati thoughts in landscape paintings. In these spaces, window are seen as second pair of eyes that allows one to see the sound of nature. The paper examines the different element of that nature that are framed through these windows. In addition to the beauty of its own shape, the garden window also has its internal beauty. We can understand more deeply the cultural thoughts in the garden window from the meaning of patterns and historical background, and also find the resonance between garden design and humanistic thoughts from landscape paintings. From the landscape painting thought contained in the garden, we can feel the ancient literati's love for natural landscape and the unique aesthetic pursuit of landscape design at that time.

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This study will explore how International Investment Agreements (IIAs) can be adapted to support efficient mitigation and adaptation to climate change. In other words, attempt to align investment policies with objectives of environmental protection. Our goal is to do this without hampering investment in environmental protection. A critical question that this study tries to answer is whether such changes in IIAs can be applied across the board to all different economic contexts and, in particular, their feasibility for less developed countries. Its major goal is to enhance investor confidence, especially in the environmentally green area. This will help us achieve the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Our findings have essential implications for policymakers and decision-makers to develop climate policy and international cooperation on climate issues. In addition, it is very relevant to increase economic resilience in various economic environments and to fight the negative impacts of climate change.

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