China has now established a system of punitive damages, with the Civil Code as the main body, supplemented by other separate laws. This paper posits that the punitive compensation system addresses the shortcomings of the current private law system. With the blurring boundaries between public and private law, the punitive compensation system is more conducive to preventing social risks and providing comprehensive and adequate relief to the rights and interests of the infringed. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the historical origin and function of the punitive damages system, to summarize the process of its localised application in China, and then to analyse the status and existing problems in the application, and to put forward the improvement methods for the existing problems. The research value of this paper mainly includes two aspects: theoretically, it helps identify defects and deficiencies in the application of the punitive damages system; practically, it aids in reducing the judiciary's subjective arbitrariness.

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This study explores the utilization and challenges of international laws in resolving global maritime disputes through a detailed analysis of representative cases from South America, Africa, and Asia. It highlights the crucial role of international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), in providing a legal framework and dispute resolution mechanisms. However, the study also identifies significant challenges, including political interference, legal ambiguity, and enforcement issues. By comparing regional dispute settlement mechanisms, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of multilateral negotiations in South America, regional legal frameworks in Africa, and a combination of multilateral and unilateral actions in Asia. Based on these insights, the study proposes several recommendations to enhance the international legal framework, promote regional cooperation, and innovate dispute resolution mechanisms. These measures aim to ensure fair and effective resolution of maritime disputes, maintain maritime peace and stability, and promote the healthy development of global ocean governance.

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This paper examines the impact of carrier delivery rules on China's Maritime Law in the context of international maritime cargo transportation. It identifies significant issues such as the imbalance of interests between carriers and consignees, the challenges in carrier identification, and the inconsistencies in the duration of carrier responsibilities. Drawing on international conventions such as the Hague Rules, Hamburg Rules, and Rotterdam Rules, this study provides comprehensive recommendations for refining China's Maritime Law. Key proposals include improving the legal definitions and criteria for carrier identification, harmonizing liability periods for container and non-container cargo, and strengthening the fulfillment of carrier obligations through robust inspection and supervision mechanisms. These improvements aim to align China's Maritime Law with international standards, enhance the efficiency and reliability of maritime transport, and support the sustainable growth of China's maritime industry. The findings underscore the necessity for ongoing legal reforms to maintain China's competitive edge in global maritime trade.

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In light of the expanding global environmental challenges, multinational corporations (MNCs) are often held accountable for their disproportionate role in environmental degradation. This study looks at how MNCs safeguard the environment and what factors lead to ecological dangers that are related with them. The production volumes of MNCs and their inclination to relocate pollution-intensive industries to developing countries are the specific subjects of the study. A few of the main obstacles that the study identifies to MNCs' environmental responsibility are the deficiency of the current international legal framework, the lack of harmonization of environmental legislation, and the tendency of developing countries' economic priorities to overlook strict environmental measures. To address these issues, the study recommends the following measures: the establishment of robust monitoring and accountability mechanisms; the direct imposition of practicable environmental liabilities; the strengthening of international judicial cooperation; and the clarification of judicial ambiguities regarding MNCs' legal responsibilities in the environmental sector. The paper uses a case study methodology to provide a comprehensive review of best practices and tactics for improving MNCs' environmental management. The findings underline the importance of governments working together to ensure that multinational firms' actions are consistent with environmental sustainability ideals.

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