The Current State of Research on Resilience, and Its Relationship to Education

Research Article
Open access

The Current State of Research on Resilience, and Its Relationship to Education

Haojun Fu 1 , Nanbo Wang 2*
  • 1 Faculty of Education and Human Development, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Hong Kong, China    
  • 2 Department of Applied Psychology, School of Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R.China    
  • *corresponding author wangnb@fjmu.edu.cn
Published on 1 March 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/2/2022584
LNEP Vol.2
ISSN (Print): 2753-7056
ISSN (Online): 2753-7048
ISBN (Print): 978-1-915371-07-2
ISBN (Online): 978-1-915371-08-9

Abstract

Since the 1970s, the role of resilience has become increasingly prominent in the fields of psychology and education.This paper summarizes the relevant research literature at home and abroad, and discusses in detail the concept of resilience, developmental processes, neural mechanisms, and its influencing factors, and outlines the tremendous role that resilience can play in the field of education.

Keywords:

Developmental Processes, Resilience, Influence Factors, Relationship with Education, Neural Mechanisms

Fu,H.;Wang,N. (2023). The Current State of Research on Resilience, and Its Relationship to Education. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,2,910-921.
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References

[1]. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238.

[2]. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., and Becker, B. E. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 713, 543-62.

[3]. Werner, E. E. (1995). Resilience in Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(3), 81–85.

[4]. Lazarus, R. S. (1993) From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 1-21.

[5]. Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B., and Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience? Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 56(5), 258–265.

[6]. Masten, A. S., and Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205–220.

[7]. Masten, A. S., and Reed, M.-G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). Oxford University Press.

[8]. Tiet, Q. Q., Bird, H. R., Davies, M., Hoven, C., Cohen, P., Jensen, P. S., and Goodman, S. (1998). Adverse life events and resilience. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1191–1200.

[9]. Werner, E. E., and Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: Adams, Bannister and Cox.

[10]. Werner, E. E., and Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Cornell University Press.

[11]. Liu, D., Shi, G. X., and Zheng, X. H. (2010).Resilience in the Field of Positive Psychology Vision. Psychological exploration, 30(4), 6.

[12]. Richardson, G. E. (2002). The Metatheory of Resilience and Resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307–321.

[13]. Ma, L. M., Zhang, H. K., Wu, Y. N., and You, Z. J. (2021). Research and practice of psychological resilience in adolescents from the perspective of positive psychology(Chinese). Mental Health Education In Primary and Secondary School. (25), 8-14.

[14]. Shao, L. L. (2011). Implications of psychological resilience for positive mental health education(Chinese). Mental Health Education In Primary and Secondary School. (6), 18-20.

[15]. Li, H. L., and Zhang,W. X. (2006).Review of the Studies on Psychological Resilience. Journal of Shandong Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences), 51(3), 4.

[16]. Fleshner, M., Maier, S. F., Lyons, D. M., and Raskind, M. A. (2011). The neurobiology of the stress-resistant brain. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 14(5), 498–502.

[17]. Russo, S. J., Murrough, J. W., Han, M. H., Charney, D. S., and Nestler, E. J. (2012). Neurobiology of resilience. Nature neuroscience, 15(11), 1475–1484.

[18]. Baratta, M. V., Rozeske, R. R., and Maier, S. F. (2013). Understanding stress resilience. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 7, 158.

[19]. Johnson, D. C., Thom, N. J., Stanley, E. A., Haase, L., Simmons, A. N., Shih, P. A., Thompson, W. K., Potterat, E. G., Minor, T. R., and Paulus, M. P. (2014). Modifying resilience mechanisms in at-risk individuals: a controlled study of mindfulness training in Marines preparing for deployment. The American journal of psychiatry, 171(8), 844–853.

[20]. Burt, K. B., Whelan, R., Conrod, P. J., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Bokde, A. L., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Fauth-Bühler, M., Flor, H., Galinowski, A., Gallinat, J., Gowland, P., Heinz, A., Ittermann, B., Mann, K., Nees, F., Papadopoulos-Orfanos, D., Paus, T., Pausova, Z., … IMAGEN Consortium (2016). Structural brain correlates of adolescent resilience. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 57(11), 1287–1296.

[21]. Werff, S. J., Berg, S. M., Pannekoek, J. N., Elzinga, B. M., and Wee, N. J. (2013). Neuroimaging resilience to stress: a review. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 7, 39.

[22]. Patel, R., Spreng, R. N., Shin, L. M., and Girard, T. A. (2012). Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and beyond: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 36(9), 2130–2142.

[23]. Waugh, C. E., Fredrickson, B. L., and Taylor, S. F. (2008). Adapting to life's slings and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat. Journal of research in personality, 42(4), 1031–1046.

[24]. Bremner, J. D. (2006). Traumatic stress: effects on the brain. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 8(4), 445–461.

[25]. Gupta, A., Love, A., Kilpatrick, L. A., Labus, J. S., Bhatt, R., Chang, L., Tillisch, K., Naliboff, B., and Mayer, E. A. (2016). Morphological brain measures of cortico-limbic inhibition related to resilience. Journal of neuroscience research, 95(9), 1760–1775.

[26]. Qi, S., Mu, Y., Liu, K., Zhang, J., Huan, Y., Tan, Q., Shi, M., Wang, Q., Chen, Y., Wang, H., Wang, H., Zhang, N., Zhang, X., Xiong, L., and Yin, H. (2013). Cortical inhibition deficits in recent onset PTSD after a single prolonged trauma exposure. NeuroImage. Clinical, 3, 226–233.

[27]. Dickie, E. W., Brunet, A., Akerib, V., and Armony, J. L. (2011). Neural correlates of recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder: a longitudinal fMRI investigation of memory encoding. Neuropsychologia, 49(7), 1771–1778.

[28]. Feng, R., He, Z. M., and Wang, F. S. (2021). Specificity and Nonspecificity of Amygdala in Emotional Processing. Advances in Psychology, 11(8), 1863-1870.

[29]. LeDoux, J. (2003). The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 23(4-5), 727–738.

[30]. Breiter, H. C., Etcoff, N. L., Whalen, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buckner, R. L., Strauss, M. M., Hyman, S. E., and Rosen, B. R. (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron, 17(5), 875–887.

[31]. Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Carson, M. A., Rauch, S. L., Macklin, M. L., Lasko, N. B., Peters, P. M., Metzger, L. J., Dougherty, D. D., Cannistraro, P. A., Alpert, N. M., Fischman, A. J., and Pitman, R. K. (2004). Regional cerebral blood flow in the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex during traumatic imagery in male and female Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Archives of general psychiatry, 61(2), 168–176.

[32]. Klenowski, P. M., Fogarty, M. J., Belmer, A., Noakes, P. G., Bellingham, M. C., and Bartlett, S. E. (2015). Structural and functional characterization of dendritic arbors and GABAergic synaptic inputs on interneurons and principal cells in the rat basolateral amygdala. Journal of neurophysiology, 114(2), 942–957.

[33]. Hanson, J. L., Nacewicz, B. M., Sutterer, M. J., Cayo, A. A., Schaefer, S. M., Rudolph, K. D., Shirtcliff, E. A., Pollak, S. D., and Davidson, R. J. (2015). Behavioral problems after early life stress: contributions of the hippocampus and amygdala. Biological psychiatry, 77(4), 314–323.

[34]. Luby, J., Belden, A., Botteron, K., Marrus, N., Harms, M. P., Babb, C., Nishino, T., and Barch, D. (2013). The effects of poverty on childhood brain development: the mediating effect of caregiving and stressful life events. JAMA pediatrics, 167(12), 1135–1142.

[35]. Edmiston, E. E., Wang, F., Mazure, C. M., Guiney, J., Sinha, R., Mayes, L. C., and Blumberg, H. P. (2011). Corticostriatal-limbic gray matter morphology in adolescents with self-reported exposure to childhood maltreatment. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 165(12), 1069–1077.

[36]. Yang, J., Wang, Y., and Song, L. L. (2019). Advances in the study of neural mechanisms of psychological resilience(Chinese). Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy, 35(1), 94-98.

[37]. Wei, J. Y. (2021). Implications of the current state of psychological resilience research for mental health education of middle school students(Chinese). PEFERENCE FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL TEACHING. (30), 2.

[38]. Wang, X. N. (2019). The relationship between moderate frustration education and psychological resilience. Mental Health Education In Primary and Secondary School. (5), 6.

[39]. Wang, S. L. (2011). Psychological resilience of college students and its development(Chinese). Journal of Yan ' an Vocational & Technical Institute, 25(4), 2.

[40]. Li, Z. K. (2009).Relationship Between Ego-Resiliency and Social Support of Parent-absent Children. China Journal of Health Psychology, 17(4), 3.

[41]. Sun, C. Z., and Wu, P.B. (2011).Study on Relationship between School Belonging,Self-worth and Resiliency of Junior Middle School Students. China Journal of Health Psychology, 19(11), 4.

[42]. Mao,X. J., and Wang,Z. H. (2013). Migrant Children's Attachment to Their Parents and Its Effect on Their Resilience. Chinese Journal of Special Education. (3), 6.

[43]. Jiang, Y. H., and Li,Y. A. (2011).Study on the Relationship between Resilience and Subjective W ell-being of High School Students. China Journal of Health Psychology, 19(11), 4.

[44]. Li,Y. Q. (2019). The Relationship between Mental Resilience and School Adaptation of Junior Middle School Students and Intervention Study. (Master's thesis, Hebei Normal University)

[45]. Yu, X. N., and Zhang,J. X. (2005). Resilience: The Psychological Mechanism for Recovery and Growth during Stress. Advances in Psychological Science, 13(5), 8.

[46]. Chen, X., and Chen, L. (2015). Psychological resilience of secondary school students and strategies for its development(Chinese). Modern Primary and Secondary Education. (10), 4.

[47]. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316–331

[48]. Chang, B. R., and Fang, J. D. (2010). Research on psychological resilience and its implications for education(Chinese). EDUCATION EXPLORATION. (1), 2.

[49]. Cao, R., and Lu, G. H. (2010). Implications of psychological resilience research for mental health education(Chinese). Journal of Tianjin Academy of Educational Science. (3), 4.

[50]. Xie, L. L. (2018). A practical exploration of anti-defeat psychological training for elementary school students(Chinese). Mental Health Education In Primary and Secondary School. (15), 2.

[51]. Chen, J. (2018). Resilience Affects the Research of Mental Health of Vocational School Students. Journal of Hunan Institute of Science and Technology (Natural Sciences), 31(1), 5.

[52]. Song, G. W., and Zhou, F. F. (2010). On the Resilience of Disadvantaged Children and Its Enlightenment on Their Education. Chinese Journal of Special Education. (10), 5.


Cite this article

Fu,H.;Wang,N. (2023). The Current State of Research on Resilience, and Its Relationship to Education. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,2,910-921.

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Volume title: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Educational Innovation and Philosophical Inquiries (ICEIPI 2022), Part I

ISBN:978-1-915371-07-2(Print) / 978-1-915371-08-9(Online)
Editor:Abdullah Laghari, Nasir Mahmood
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Conference date: 4 August 2022
Series: Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
Volume number: Vol.2
ISSN:2753-7048(Print) / 2753-7056(Online)

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References

[1]. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238.

[2]. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., and Becker, B. E. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 713, 543-62.

[3]. Werner, E. E. (1995). Resilience in Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(3), 81–85.

[4]. Lazarus, R. S. (1993) From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 1-21.

[5]. Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B., and Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience? Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 56(5), 258–265.

[6]. Masten, A. S., and Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205–220.

[7]. Masten, A. S., and Reed, M.-G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). Oxford University Press.

[8]. Tiet, Q. Q., Bird, H. R., Davies, M., Hoven, C., Cohen, P., Jensen, P. S., and Goodman, S. (1998). Adverse life events and resilience. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1191–1200.

[9]. Werner, E. E., and Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: Adams, Bannister and Cox.

[10]. Werner, E. E., and Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Cornell University Press.

[11]. Liu, D., Shi, G. X., and Zheng, X. H. (2010).Resilience in the Field of Positive Psychology Vision. Psychological exploration, 30(4), 6.

[12]. Richardson, G. E. (2002). The Metatheory of Resilience and Resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307–321.

[13]. Ma, L. M., Zhang, H. K., Wu, Y. N., and You, Z. J. (2021). Research and practice of psychological resilience in adolescents from the perspective of positive psychology(Chinese). Mental Health Education In Primary and Secondary School. (25), 8-14.

[14]. Shao, L. L. (2011). Implications of psychological resilience for positive mental health education(Chinese). Mental Health Education In Primary and Secondary School. (6), 18-20.

[15]. Li, H. L., and Zhang,W. X. (2006).Review of the Studies on Psychological Resilience. Journal of Shandong Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences), 51(3), 4.

[16]. Fleshner, M., Maier, S. F., Lyons, D. M., and Raskind, M. A. (2011). The neurobiology of the stress-resistant brain. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 14(5), 498–502.

[17]. Russo, S. J., Murrough, J. W., Han, M. H., Charney, D. S., and Nestler, E. J. (2012). Neurobiology of resilience. Nature neuroscience, 15(11), 1475–1484.

[18]. Baratta, M. V., Rozeske, R. R., and Maier, S. F. (2013). Understanding stress resilience. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 7, 158.

[19]. Johnson, D. C., Thom, N. J., Stanley, E. A., Haase, L., Simmons, A. N., Shih, P. A., Thompson, W. K., Potterat, E. G., Minor, T. R., and Paulus, M. P. (2014). Modifying resilience mechanisms in at-risk individuals: a controlled study of mindfulness training in Marines preparing for deployment. The American journal of psychiatry, 171(8), 844–853.

[20]. Burt, K. B., Whelan, R., Conrod, P. J., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Bokde, A. L., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Fauth-Bühler, M., Flor, H., Galinowski, A., Gallinat, J., Gowland, P., Heinz, A., Ittermann, B., Mann, K., Nees, F., Papadopoulos-Orfanos, D., Paus, T., Pausova, Z., … IMAGEN Consortium (2016). Structural brain correlates of adolescent resilience. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 57(11), 1287–1296.

[21]. Werff, S. J., Berg, S. M., Pannekoek, J. N., Elzinga, B. M., and Wee, N. J. (2013). Neuroimaging resilience to stress: a review. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 7, 39.

[22]. Patel, R., Spreng, R. N., Shin, L. M., and Girard, T. A. (2012). Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and beyond: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 36(9), 2130–2142.

[23]. Waugh, C. E., Fredrickson, B. L., and Taylor, S. F. (2008). Adapting to life's slings and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat. Journal of research in personality, 42(4), 1031–1046.

[24]. Bremner, J. D. (2006). Traumatic stress: effects on the brain. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 8(4), 445–461.

[25]. Gupta, A., Love, A., Kilpatrick, L. A., Labus, J. S., Bhatt, R., Chang, L., Tillisch, K., Naliboff, B., and Mayer, E. A. (2016). Morphological brain measures of cortico-limbic inhibition related to resilience. Journal of neuroscience research, 95(9), 1760–1775.

[26]. Qi, S., Mu, Y., Liu, K., Zhang, J., Huan, Y., Tan, Q., Shi, M., Wang, Q., Chen, Y., Wang, H., Wang, H., Zhang, N., Zhang, X., Xiong, L., and Yin, H. (2013). Cortical inhibition deficits in recent onset PTSD after a single prolonged trauma exposure. NeuroImage. Clinical, 3, 226–233.

[27]. Dickie, E. W., Brunet, A., Akerib, V., and Armony, J. L. (2011). Neural correlates of recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder: a longitudinal fMRI investigation of memory encoding. Neuropsychologia, 49(7), 1771–1778.

[28]. Feng, R., He, Z. M., and Wang, F. S. (2021). Specificity and Nonspecificity of Amygdala in Emotional Processing. Advances in Psychology, 11(8), 1863-1870.

[29]. LeDoux, J. (2003). The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 23(4-5), 727–738.

[30]. Breiter, H. C., Etcoff, N. L., Whalen, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buckner, R. L., Strauss, M. M., Hyman, S. E., and Rosen, B. R. (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron, 17(5), 875–887.

[31]. Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Carson, M. A., Rauch, S. L., Macklin, M. L., Lasko, N. B., Peters, P. M., Metzger, L. J., Dougherty, D. D., Cannistraro, P. A., Alpert, N. M., Fischman, A. J., and Pitman, R. K. (2004). Regional cerebral blood flow in the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex during traumatic imagery in male and female Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Archives of general psychiatry, 61(2), 168–176.

[32]. Klenowski, P. M., Fogarty, M. J., Belmer, A., Noakes, P. G., Bellingham, M. C., and Bartlett, S. E. (2015). Structural and functional characterization of dendritic arbors and GABAergic synaptic inputs on interneurons and principal cells in the rat basolateral amygdala. Journal of neurophysiology, 114(2), 942–957.

[33]. Hanson, J. L., Nacewicz, B. M., Sutterer, M. J., Cayo, A. A., Schaefer, S. M., Rudolph, K. D., Shirtcliff, E. A., Pollak, S. D., and Davidson, R. J. (2015). Behavioral problems after early life stress: contributions of the hippocampus and amygdala. Biological psychiatry, 77(4), 314–323.

[34]. Luby, J., Belden, A., Botteron, K., Marrus, N., Harms, M. P., Babb, C., Nishino, T., and Barch, D. (2013). The effects of poverty on childhood brain development: the mediating effect of caregiving and stressful life events. JAMA pediatrics, 167(12), 1135–1142.

[35]. Edmiston, E. E., Wang, F., Mazure, C. M., Guiney, J., Sinha, R., Mayes, L. C., and Blumberg, H. P. (2011). Corticostriatal-limbic gray matter morphology in adolescents with self-reported exposure to childhood maltreatment. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 165(12), 1069–1077.

[36]. Yang, J., Wang, Y., and Song, L. L. (2019). Advances in the study of neural mechanisms of psychological resilience(Chinese). Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy, 35(1), 94-98.

[37]. Wei, J. Y. (2021). Implications of the current state of psychological resilience research for mental health education of middle school students(Chinese). PEFERENCE FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL TEACHING. (30), 2.

[38]. Wang, X. N. (2019). The relationship between moderate frustration education and psychological resilience. Mental Health Education In Primary and Secondary School. (5), 6.

[39]. Wang, S. L. (2011). Psychological resilience of college students and its development(Chinese). Journal of Yan ' an Vocational & Technical Institute, 25(4), 2.

[40]. Li, Z. K. (2009).Relationship Between Ego-Resiliency and Social Support of Parent-absent Children. China Journal of Health Psychology, 17(4), 3.

[41]. Sun, C. Z., and Wu, P.B. (2011).Study on Relationship between School Belonging,Self-worth and Resiliency of Junior Middle School Students. China Journal of Health Psychology, 19(11), 4.

[42]. Mao,X. J., and Wang,Z. H. (2013). Migrant Children's Attachment to Their Parents and Its Effect on Their Resilience. Chinese Journal of Special Education. (3), 6.

[43]. Jiang, Y. H., and Li,Y. A. (2011).Study on the Relationship between Resilience and Subjective W ell-being of High School Students. China Journal of Health Psychology, 19(11), 4.

[44]. Li,Y. Q. (2019). The Relationship between Mental Resilience and School Adaptation of Junior Middle School Students and Intervention Study. (Master's thesis, Hebei Normal University)

[45]. Yu, X. N., and Zhang,J. X. (2005). Resilience: The Psychological Mechanism for Recovery and Growth during Stress. Advances in Psychological Science, 13(5), 8.

[46]. Chen, X., and Chen, L. (2015). Psychological resilience of secondary school students and strategies for its development(Chinese). Modern Primary and Secondary Education. (10), 4.

[47]. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316–331

[48]. Chang, B. R., and Fang, J. D. (2010). Research on psychological resilience and its implications for education(Chinese). EDUCATION EXPLORATION. (1), 2.

[49]. Cao, R., and Lu, G. H. (2010). Implications of psychological resilience research for mental health education(Chinese). Journal of Tianjin Academy of Educational Science. (3), 4.

[50]. Xie, L. L. (2018). A practical exploration of anti-defeat psychological training for elementary school students(Chinese). Mental Health Education In Primary and Secondary School. (15), 2.

[51]. Chen, J. (2018). Resilience Affects the Research of Mental Health of Vocational School Students. Journal of Hunan Institute of Science and Technology (Natural Sciences), 31(1), 5.

[52]. Song, G. W., and Zhou, F. F. (2010). On the Resilience of Disadvantaged Children and Its Enlightenment on Their Education. Chinese Journal of Special Education. (10), 5.