1. Introduction

Doctor Diana Baumrind discussed and dissected parenting style in three different ways in the experiment “Child Care Practice Anteceding Three Patterns of Preschool Behavior”. This study classifies parents into three styles authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive, each having its one trait, Authoritarian being the most ideal and balanced between the three [1]. In the 1980s Eleanor Maccoby and John Martin at Stanford University expanded the parenting style to four adding a neglectful parenting style.

Parenting styles are very crucial due to their role in shaping children’s well-being and development of important skills, for instance, social and independence. Authoritative Parenting is the most balanced, theoretically most reasonable, and effective way of parenting, setting limits and clear consistent rules and boundaries while maintaining reasonable expectations of their children. Most importantly they emotionally support their children and listen to the children’s needs, have positive and supportive feedback, help and allow the children to be more independent and exhibit higher mental health scores, possess greater self-esteem, also a higher quality of life compared to other styles, encouraging the development of social competence and effective emotional regulation skills [1].

Authoritarian parents have a higher level of control and low response, they like controlling the children, setting very strict rules having high expectations causing stress on the children, they also lack warmth and show little emotional support. These may cause a low self-esteem in their children, and also a lack of independence, causing them not used to expressing themselves, and also lack the confidence and skill to make decisions on their own.

Permissive parents have high responsiveness but low control, they tend to set few or no boundaries and rules. They have a high frequency in responding to the children’s emotional needs but there are not enough structure and guidance making it ineffective. As a result, children with permissive parents will have low self-control skills, difficulty listening and following the rules, also hardship in shaping their own boundaries and rules.

Neglectful parents are uninvolved parents, they have low levels of control and responsiveness, do not provide emotional support also do not have any guidance, and set minimal rules and boundaries for the children. This is the most harmful parenting style, it can cause children to have poor self-esteem, and poor self-control and also affect the ability to for healthy long-term relationships.

Social skills is an important factor in all stages of life, the most known skill is Emotional intelligence, however, a scale cannot conclude the effects of parenting styles and whether intense PSs may affect children's lives. In early school stages, social skills can also play an important role in boosting academic performance and also can develop safer behavior in social and family relationships [2,3].

2. Impact of parenting styles

In a study investigating the effect of authoritarian and permissive parenting on behavioral problems threw preschool to primary school. The study found that authoritarian and permissive disciplinary approaches during preschool years have lasting effects on children's behavioral outcomes in first grade. Authoritarian parenting, was associated with clinically significant externalizing problems in both boys and girls, emphasizing its detrimental effects. Similarly, permissive parenting was linked to disruptive behavior, particularly in boys. Importantly, these associations were independent of child and demographic characteristics, highlighting the unique influence of PSs on children's behavior [4].

In another experiment on different parenting style's influence on children’s behavior, the data supports that. Authoritarian parents emphasize conformity and obedience without fostering a warm environment or open communication. This style restricts the child's autonomy and relies on concrete rules within a traditional family structure. As a result, children may lack self-confidence and coping mechanisms, becoming dependent on parental guidance. Permissive parents accept their children's emotions, actions, and desires, showing high responsiveness but low demandingness. Neglecting parents display both low responsiveness and low demandingness, offering little involvement and behavioral control. The study suggests a significant link between parenting styles and the likelihood of delinquent or violent behavior in adolescents, with a lack of parental involvement and interaction posing a higher risk of violence, particularly in male juveniles [5].

Both the two experiments agree and support giving more details to the experiment of Dr. Diana Baumrind highlighting the importance of parent’s influence of children’s development in all stages.

This article examines the impact of PSs on young age children learning abilities and also investigates the role of Parental Self-efficacy (PSE), which is how capable they are to be a parent, as a mediation factor. The data was gathered from a survey sent out to primary school parents and tested using PLS-SEM v3.2.8. software. According to the results, Chinese students' academic and learning success is favorably connected with authoritative parenting. Additionally, the investigation demonstrates that parental participation was favorably associated with kids' motivation to learn, and parental self-efficacy is correlated with good parenting, which boosts kids' grades and motivation. The study also highlighted the importance of parental self-efficacy in shaping parenting behaviors, as parents with higher self-efficacy were more actively involved in their children's education and exhibited warm and affectionate parental behavior. Low parental self-efficacy was associated with negative parenting practices and negative outcomes for children [6].

This research by Bartholomeu, D. discusses the associations between PSs and children's social skills, particularly assertiveness, social confidence, conversational ability, and altruism. The study suggests that certain parenting styles, such as inconsistent punishment, negative monitoring, lax discipline, and moral behavior, may have varying effects on different aspects of children's social skills [7]. Children who are more assertive frequently believe that their parents' instructional methods are inconsistent and careless. Physical abuse and negative monitoring were associated with increased assertiveness, while positive monitoring was not mentioned. Inconsistent punishment and negative monitoring are also negatively associated with social confidence and conversational ability. When parents were viewed as inconsistent, harsh, and adversely supervised, these skills appeared to deteriorate.

Parenting styles based on moral behavior, positive monitoring, neglect, and lax discipline were associated with higher levels of altruism in children. Positive monitoring and moral behavior seemed to support prosocial attitudes. General social abilities were linked to good supervision, lax rules, moral conduct, and physical maltreatment. The type of supervision that seemed to encourage socially acceptable behavior was positive. Only effective parenting techniques served as accurate predictors of altruism as a social skill. Assertiveness was associated to a negative parenting style, while conversational skills were associated with the lack of a negative PS rather than positive. This study emphasizes the value of parenting positively. While some parenting behaviors are not significantly related to children's social abilities, bad parenting behaviors have a major impact on children's social skill development.

Different parenting strategies have various impacts and their own benefits and harms, The two factors that are used to assess the parents are Emotional support and Setting rules and boundaries. Authoritarian and permissive parenting, one missing emotional support and the other missing the boundaries and the guidance the children need, both two can be dangerous and affect children’s development in social skills in various ways, also they danger the children’s development of independence, important life skills such as social skills and setting low-self-esteem on the children. Compared to these two neglectful parents dose not give both emotional support and do not set boundaries, this is the most harmful way of parenting, leading to low self-esteem, self-control issue, affect social skills, and have difficulties setting healthy relationships. The perfect solution is Authoritative PS is considered the most balanced and effective. Authoritative parents set clear and consistent rules and boundaries for their kids while also providing emotional support and being responsive to their needs. This style encourages the development of social competence and emotional regulation skills in children, leading to higher self-esteem and a better quality of life.

This study explores the link between social conduct and academic achievement. In grades 5 and 7, the effects of prosocial behavior and peer concerns on grades and abilities in math and reading were examined. The study's findings imply that social behaviors and academic achievement, which influence a subject's grade, are strongly and significantly correlated. [8] Only in grade 5 did prosocial behavior correlate with math and reading proficiency, and this correlation was not particularly strong. On the other hand, both math grades in years 5 and 7 and math and reading proficiency in grade 5 were substantially correlated with peer difficulties. while peer problems (a form of internalizing problems) had a negative impact on academic achievement. However, the effect of prosocial behavior on grades was smaller, and the negative impact of peer problems was stronger. This research is limited by aspects of social behavior and the need for more comprehensive measures. It also suggests including other personality variables, examining teacher-student interactions, and considering the influence of teacher expectations and support based on gender and SES.

Weidinger, Birgit Spinath, and Malte Schwinger look into how motivation affects academic success. Beyond students' cognitive skills and earlier accomplishments, the study examined various aspects of motivation as potential indicators of students' academic performance. The results of the study demonstrated that, above and beyond all other predictors, substantial variance in grades could be predicted by domain-specific ability self-concept, motives, task values, and learning goals but not by performance targets, the ability self-concept was found to be the most significant predictor. The authors talk about how their findings have relevance for studying motivational factors that have various theoretical underpinnings. [9,10]

This study proposes that social skills are based on cognitive models that allow children to predict and interpret others’ behavior, as well as to generate flexible responses to social stimuli. These cognitive models are thought to be constructed through interactions with the environment, particularly through social experiences.

3. Conclusion

This paper has provided a comprehensive overview of the influence of PSs on children's development, social skills, and academic performance. This paper highlights the significance of authoritative PS as the most balanced and effective approach, promoting emotional support, clear boundaries, and reasonable expectations. Authoritative parents nurture positive abilities and traits in children leading to a better quality of life. The negative impact of authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful PSs on children's well-being and development cannot be understated. These styles often result in adverse effects such as low self-esteem, a lack of independence, and challenges in forging healthy interpersonal bonds.

Furthermore, the paper emphasized the importance of social skills in relation to academic performance. Prosocial behavior and positive social interactions positively contribute to better grades and competencies, while peer problems and negative social experiences can hinder academic achievement. Parenting being a crucial role in shaping a child's life, caregivers and educators must recognize the value of authoritative parenting and its positive influence on kids’ social and academic development. By fostering emotional support, clear boundaries, and positive social interactions, parents can create an environment that empowers children to flourish in all aspects of their lives. To further enhance the understanding, future research could explore the interplay between parenting styles, cultural influences, and the long-term impacts on children's well-being and success. By continuously exploring and promoting effective parenting practices, society can better support children's growth, ensuring they reach their full potential and become well-adjusted, competent individuals contributing positively to their communities.