Download pdf
To what extent does a high sugar diet affect obesity in China?
- 1 Changsha Concord College
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The aim of this dissertation is to provide an answer about to what extent does a high sugar diet affect obesity. The goal of answering this question is to find the substitution of sugar and the number of sugar intake that won’t increase the risk of obesity. The dissertation will be separated into this part and uses the available literature to identify them. What is obesity and the impact of varying degrees of obesity on health. What is sugar and how sugar contribute to obesity. Comparing the amount of sugar in different substance and the limiting numbers of sugar intake to give advice about how many substances intake won’t increase the risk of obesity. Exploring what is sweeteners and the potential hazard of them to determine whether the sweeteners is good substitution or not. Also, the article will find another factor affect obesity and explore the nature of them. Through this part, it is concluded that excess sugar intake increases the risk of obesity by convert glucose into fatty acid and the nature of the other factors that affect obesity is to stimulate people to take in more sugar. Meanwhile, sugar alcohol could be considered as the best sugar substitution and it is suitable for people to consume the amount of added sugar like white sugar which is lower than 36g. For fructose, it is suitable for people to consume lower than 50g.
Keywords
high sugar diet, obesity, diet in China
[1]. Çakmur,H (2016) Obesity as a Growing Public Health Problem Available at https://www. intechopen. com/chapters/52728[accessed online 8. 15. 2023]
[2]. Ritchie,H and Roser,M (2017) - "Obesity". Available at https://ourworldindata. org/obesity [accessed online 7. 11. 2023]
[3]. WHO (2023) Available at https://www. who. int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1 [accessed online 7. 11. 2023]
[4]. WHO (2021) “Obesity and overweight.” Available at https://www. who. int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight [accessed online 7. 11. 2023]
[5]. World Obesity Atlas 2023(2023) Available at https://s3-eu-west-1. amazonaws. com/wof- files/World_Obesity_Atlas_2023_Report. pdf [accessed online 7. 11. 2023]
[6]. Complications of obesity and weight loss treatment (2021) Available at https://www. rethinkobesity. global/global/en/weight-and-health. html?cid=pse-pveth7oztz&gcli d=EAIaIQobChMIt_v96IqTgAMVncsWBR03JAW4EAAYASAAEgIJ2_D_BwE [accessed online 7. 15. 2023]
[7]. Harvard T. H. Chan School (2022) Health Risks Available at https://www. hsph. harvard. edu/obesity- prevention-source/obesity-consequences/health-effects/ [accessed online 7. 15. 2023]
[8]. CDC (2022) “Obesity and cancer” Available at https://www. cdc. gov/cancer/obesity/index. htm [accessed online 7. 15. 2023]
[9]. Ndumele,C(2023)Obesity,Sugar and Heart Health available at https://www. hopkinsmedicine. org/health/wellness-and-prevention/obesity-sugar-and-heart-health [accessed online 8. 6. 2023]
[10]. [10] 2023 World Population Review (2023) Sugar Consumption by Country 2023 available online https://worldpopulationreview. com/country-rankings/sugar-consumption-by-country [accessed online 8. 6. 2023]
[11]. Koivistoinen P, Hyvönen L. (1985) The use of sugar in foods available online https://pubmed. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/3863796/ [accessed online 8. 6. 2023]
[12]. International Sugar Organization (2023) The Sugar Market available at https://www. isosugar. org/sugarsector/sugar[accessed online 8. 6. 2023]
[13]. TeensHealth(2021)Figuring Out Fat and Calories available at https://kidshealth. org/en/teens/fat- calories. html[accessed online 8. 6. 2023]
[14]. Medical and health information (2017) How many calories do you need available at https://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/263028[accessed online 8. 21 2023]
[15]. Partl,J(2023)Time to Feast: How Much Can One Meal Impact Body Composition? Available at https://barbell-logic. com/one-meal-holiday-body-composition/[accessed online 8. 21 2023]
[16]. Bazire,P(2020)Body Fat Distribution available at Body Fat Distribution available at https://drbazire. uk/blog/body-fat-distribution/[accessed online 8. 12. 2023]
[17]. Taylor,M(2020)Why Men and Women StoreFat Differently Available at https://www. bellemedical. com/blog/why-men-and-women-store-fat-differently/[accessed online 8. 21 2023] https://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/322508#testosterone-therapy
[18]. Sassos,S(2020)available at Everything You Need to Know About theDifferent Types of Sugar https://www. goodhousekeeping. com/food-recipes/healthy/a18910/types-of-sugar-0921/
[19]. Jones,K(2023)Added Sugar: What You Need To Know available at https://familydoctor. org/added- sugar-what-you-need-to-know/[accessed online 8. 31 2023]
[20]. Medicalnewstoday(2017)available at https://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/196024#types[accessed online 9. 1 2023]
[21]. Medicalnewstoday(2021)Brown sugar and whitesugar: A comparison available at https://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/brown-sugar-vs-white-sugar#nutritional-differences[accessed online 9. 1 2023]
[22]. Sollid,K(2021)What is Brown Sugar? Available at https://foodinsight. org/what-is-brown- sugar/[accessed online 9. 1 2023]
[23]. https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915834/
[24]. Oxford Population Health (2021) New study reveals diverging trends in obesity by gender and region in China Available at https://www. ndph. ox. ac. uk/news/new-study-reveals-diverging-trends-in- obesity-by-gender-and-region-in-china[accessed online 9. 1 2023]
[25]. Safaei,M Sundararajan ,E Driss,M Boulila,W and Shapii,A (2021)A systematic literature review on obesity: Understanding the causes & consequences of obesity and reviewing various machine learning approaches used to predict obesity avail1lbe at https://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0010482521005485[accessed online 9. 4 2023]
[26]. Gurung, P. , Zubair, M. , & Jialal, I. (2023). Plasma Glucose available at https://pubmed. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/31082125/[accessed online 9. 13]
[27]. National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (1989) Energy https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK234938/
[28]. HIN News in health (2014) Sweet Stuff How Sugars and Sweeteners Affect Your Health available at https://newsinhealth. nih. gov/2014/10/sweet-stuff [access online 9. 13]
[29]. Mergenthaler, P. , Lindauer, U. , Dienel, G. A. , & Meisel, A. (2013). Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends in neurosciences, 36(10), 587–597. https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. tins. 2013. 07. 001[access online 9. 13]
[30]. Richard A,White U,Elks C, Stephens J(2020)Adipose Tissue: Physiology to Metabolic Dysfunction Available at https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK555602/ [access online 9. 13]
[31]. Jacques A,Chaaya N,Beecher K,Ali S,Belmer A & Bartlett S(2019)The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors ,Pages 178-199 https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. neubiorev. 2019. 05. 021[access online 9. 13]
[32]. Lang,T. (2014) Chapter Six - Pediatric Hypoglycemia,Pages 211-245, https://doi. org/10. 1016/B978-0-12-800094-6. 00006-6[access online 9. 13]
[33]. Healthdirect (2023) Dopaminehttps://www. healthdirect. gov. au/dopamine
[34]. Guansheng, M (2019) Don't let adding sugar steal your health (people. com. cn)[access online 9. 13]
[35]. Purves W (2006) How can an artificial sweetener contain no calories? https://www. scientificamerican. com/article/how-can-an-artificial-swe/[access online 9. 15]
[36]. WHO (2023) Aspartame hazard and risk assessment results released https://www. who. int/news/item/14- 07-2023-aspartame-hazard-and-risk-assessment-results-released[access online 9. 15]
[37]. WHO (2020) WHO guideline: Integrated management of adolescents in all their diversity with obesity https://www. who. int/news-room/events/detail/2022/12/08/default-calendar/who-guideline-integrated-management-of-adolescent-in-all-their-diversity-with obesity[access online 9. 15]
[38]. Cleveland Clinic Visceral Fat https://my. clevelandclinic. org/health/diseases/24147-visceral- fat[access online 9. 15]
[39]. Huang, Y. , Chen, Z. , Chen, B. , Li, J. , Yuan, X. , Li, J. , Wang, W. , Dai, T. , Chen, H. , Wang, Y. , Wang, R. , Wang, P. , Guo, J. , Dong, Q. , Liu, C. , Wei, Q. , Cao, D. , & Liu, L. (2023). Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 381, e071609. [access online 9. 15]https://doi. org/10. 1136/bmj-2022-071609[access online 11. 25]
[40]. Salihefendic, D., Zildzic, M., & Masic, I. (2020). The Importance of the Quantity and the Distribution Assessment of Fat Tissue in a Diagnosis of Insulin Resistance. Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), 74(6), 439–443. https://doi. org/10. 5455/medarh. 2020. 74.439-446[access online 11. 25]
[41]. Lee, J. J., Pedley, A., Therkelsen, K. E., Hoffmann, U., Massaro, J. M., Levy, D., & Long, M. T. (2017). Upper Body Subcutaneous Fat Is Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. The American journal of medicine, 130(8), 958–966. e1. https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. amjmed. 2017. 01.044[access online 11. 25]
[42]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention()https://www. cdc. gov/bloodpressure/about. htm[access online 11. 25]
[43]. Aeberli, I. , Hochuli, M. , Gerber, P. A. , Sze, L. , Murer, S. B. , Tappy, L. , Spinas, G. A. , & Berneis, K. (2013). Moderate amounts of fructose consumption impair insulin sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes care, 36(1), 150–156. https://doi. org/10.2337/dc12-0540 https://medlineplus. gov/carbohydrates. html[access online 11. 25]
[44]. HARVARDTH. CHAN Added sugar. https://www. hsph. harvard. edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/[access online 11. 25]
[45]. Timeside(2023)Food and drinks high in fat, salt and sugarhttps://www. tameside. gov. uk/SocialCareServices/Healthy-Eating-and-Nutrition/Get-in-the-know/Food-and-drinks-high-in- fat,-salt-and-sugar[access online 11. 25]
[46]. Rutledge,K. McDaniel,M. Teng,S. Hall,H. Ramroop,T. Sprout,E. Hunt,J. Boudreau,D. Costa,H. (2023) Food staple https://education. nationalgeographic. org/resource/food-staple/[access online 11. 25]
[47]. Mai, B. H. , & Yan, L. J. (2019). The negative and detrimental effects of high fructose on the liver, with special reference to metabolic disorders. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy, 12, 821–826. https://doi. org/10. 2147/DMSO. S198968
[48]. Cleveland Clinic (2023) What You Should Know AboutSugar Alcohols https://health. clevelandclinic. org/what-to-know-about-sugar-alcohols[access online 12. 6]
[49]. Pang, M. D., Goossens, G. H., & Blaak, E. E. (2021). The Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Body Weight Control and Glucose Homeostasis. Frontiers in nutrition, 7, 598340. https://doi. org/10. 3389/fnut. 2020. 598340[access online 12. 6]
[50]. Fatima M.,Ahmed L.,Fakhro K.,Akil A.&EMBA(2021)Melanocortin-4 receptor complexity in energyhomeostasis , obesity and drug development strategies https://doi. org/10. 1111/dom. 14618[access online 12. 7]
[51]. Vollbach, H. , Brandt, S. , Lahr, G. , Denzer, C. , von Schnurbein, J. , Debatin, K. M. , & Wabitsch, M. (2017). Prevalence and phenotypic characterization of MC4R variants in a large pediatric cohort. International journal of obesity (2005), 41(1), 13–22. https://doi. org/10. 1038/ijo. 2016. 161[access online 12. 7]
[52]. Si W. (2012) China's Sugar Consumption: Structural Transformation and Regional Differences[access online 12. 10]
[53]. Shahbandeh M. (2023) Sugar consumption worldwide 2010/11-2023/24 https://www. statista. com/statistics/249681/total-consumption-of-sugar-worldwide/ [access online 12. 7]
[54]. Napolitano,E. (2023) WHO questions safety of aspartame. Here's a list of popular foods, beverages with the sweetener https://www. cbsnews. com/news/aspartame-carcinogen-who-what-products- contain-aspartame/ [access online 12. 7]
[55]. Cleveland Clinic (2023) Visceral Fat Visceral Fat: What It is & How to Get Rid of It (clevelandclinic. org)[access online 12. 7]
[56]. Huang, Y. , Chen, Z. , Chen, B. , Li, J. , Yuan, X. , Li, J. , Wang, W. , Dai, T. , Chen, H. , Wang, Y. , Wang, R. , Wang, P. , Guo, J. , Dong, Q. , Liu, C. , Wei, Q. , Cao, D. , & Liu, L. (2023). Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review. BMJ (Clinical research ed. ), 381, e071609. https://doi. org/10. 1136/bmj-2022-071609
[57]. Ogden, C. Kit, B. Carroll,M. Park,S (2011) Consumption of Sugar Drinks in the United States, 2005–2008 Products - Data Briefs - Number 71 - August 2011 (cdc. gov)
[58]. HARVARDTHCHAN (2022) Added sugar Added Sugar | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
[59]. Tameside Metropolitan Borough (2023) Food and drinks high in fat, salt and sugar. Food and drinks high in fat, salt and sugar (tameside. gov. uk)
[60]. UNIVERSITYofROCHESTERMEDICAL CENTER (2023) Nutrition Facts
[61]. Wheat flour, white, all-purpose, self-rising, enriched, 1 cup Wheat flour, white, all-purpose, self- rising, enriched, 1 cup - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center
[62]. Mai, B. H. , & Yan, L. J. (2019). The negative and detrimental effects of high fructose on the liver, with special reference to metabolic disorders. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy, 12, 821–826. https://doi. org/10. 2147/DMSO. S198968
[63]. Meng,S. Wang,J. Wei,X. (2021)Food and Beverage: "Sugar Free" Series Report (1): The Rise of Sugar Free Beverages (eastmoney. com)
[64]. Sruthi,M. Katiboina,K. Allarakha,S. Uttekar,P. (2022) How Is Fructose Bad for You? https://www. medicinenet. com/how_is_fructose_bad_for_you/article. htm
[65]. HARVARDTH. CHAN (2023) Low-Calorie Sweeteners https://www. hsph. harvard. edu/nutritionsource/healthy-drinks/artificial-sweeteners/
Cite this article
Fang,Z. (2024). To what extent does a high sugar diet affect obesity in China?. Journal of Food Science, Nutrition and Health,2,31-39.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
Disclaimer/Publisher's Note
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s). EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
About volume
Journal：Journal of Food Science, Nutrition and Health
© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who
publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this
series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published
version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial
publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and
during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See
Open access policy for details).