1. Introduction

In recent years, the automotive industry has made a substantial move towards electric cars (EVs) due to the rapid advancement of technology and the growing worries about the environment [1]. To reduce carbon emissions and solve climate change problems, governments and organizations around the world are endorsing EVs as a sustainable substitute for conventional gasoline-powered automobiles. However, because of their established infrastructure, dependability, and typically inexpensive starting prices, gasoline-powered cars have dominated the market for more than a century and continue to enjoy widespread popularity. This shifting environment will impact customers' decisions, and a variety of factors effect their decisions [2].

This paper will use situation analysis, focusing on two main vehicle types: gasoline and electric. Even if they have certain things in common, they also differ greatly. How these variations affect prospective car purchasers is examined in the conversation. The benefits of gasoline-powered automobiles versus electric ones, the differences between the two, and any potential drawbacks are important concerns. Additionally, it looks at which age groups are more inclined to select gasoline or electric cars, why they prefer them, and how these vehicles might help them. Aspects including cost, use, safety in different scenarios, and ease of use are also examined.

2. Differences between gasoline and electric cars and effects

2.1. Overview of Gasoline Cars

Gas vehicles(see figure 1) are similar to diesel vehicles. They both use internal combustion engines. But a gasoline car typically uses a spark-ignited internal combustion engine, rather than the compression-ignited combustion systems used in diesel vehicles. In a spark-ignited system, the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber and combined with air. The air/fuel mixture is ignited by a spark from the spark plug [3].

Gasoline-powered cars function through a series of interconnected components that work together to ensure smooth operation. The battery provides the electricity needed to start the engine and power electronic systems and accessories. The electric control module (ECM) plays a crucial role in controlling the fuel mixture, ignition timing, and emissions system, while also monitoring the vehicle’s performance, safeguarding the engine from potential damage, and diagnosing problems. The exhaust system directs gases from the engine out through the tailpipe, with a three-way catalyst designed to reduce harmful emissions. Fuel enters the system via the fuel filler, which connects to a nozzle at the pump, and is stored in the fuel tank until required. From there, the fuel pump transfers the fuel through the fuel line to the fuel injection system, which injects it into the combustion chambers for ignition. The internal combustion engine combines the fuel with air and ignites it using a spark plug, generating power that is transferred to the wheels through the transmission.

Gasoline vehicles are known for their practicality, offering ease of use, quick refueling, and a driving range that is well-suited for long-distance road trips. They also tend to have higher top speeds and perform better in cold weather compared to electric cars. However, these advantages come at a cost. Gasoline cars are expensive to maintain and operate, produce tailpipe emissions that are harmful to the environment, and contribute to the accumulation of toxic, non-biodegradable waste such as leftover oil. While they remain a popular choice, these environmental and economic drawbacks highlight the need for more sustainable alternatives.

Figure 1: Gasoline Cars

2.2. Overview of Electric Vehicles

2.2.1. Introduction of Electric Vehicles

All-electric vehicles, also referred to as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), have an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine(see figure 2). The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power the electric motor and must be plugged in to a wall outlet or charging equipment, also called electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) [3]. Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a tailpipe and does not contain the typical liquid fuel components, such as a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel tank.

Electric vehicles rely on a range of specialized components to function efficiently and sustainably. At the same time, the charge connector allows the vehicle to be connected to an external power source in order to charge the traction battery pack, which stores electricity to power the vehicle, the auxiliary battery supplies electricity to operate a variety of vehicle components. By transforming the high-voltage DC power from the traction battery into the lower-voltage DC power needed for accessories and recharging the auxiliary battery, the DC/DC converter plays a crucial part. Some cars use motor generators that manage both propulsion and regenerative functions, and the wheels are driven by an electric traction motor fueled by the traction battery.

The onboard charger converts incoming AC electricity from the charge port into DC power to charge the traction battery while also monitoring battery characteristics like voltage, temperature, and state of charge. The power electronics controller manages the energy flow from the battery, regulating motor speed and torque to optimize performance. The thermal system ensures that the engine, motor, power electronics, and other components remain within a safe and efficient operating temperature range. Finally, the electric transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric motor to drive the wheels, completing the system that powers electric vehicles precisely and efficiently.

Figure 2: Electric Vehicles

2.2.2. Advantages and Disadvantage of electric vehicles

Pure electric vehicles provide major economic and environmental advantages because they only use energy. Driving an electric car is a cleaner option for the environment because it emits no pollutants, which helps you lessen your carbon impact. Over time, they also become more economical [4]. Even though charging an electric car isn't free, it's far less expensive than filling up a gas automobile, and it requires less maintenance. For example, electric automobiles require less routine repairs than conventional or hybrid vehicles due to their simpler mechanics and lack of oil changes[4]. Furthermore, a lot of electric cars have cutting-edge technology that improves overall comfort and performance, such as immediate torque for quicker acceleration and a quieter driving experience.

However, there are some drawbacks to consider with electric vehicles. Compared to gas-powered or hybrid vehicles, they are generally more expensive up front, which may offset the long-term fuel and maintenance savings. Additionally, electric vehicles typically have a shorter driving range between charges and are solely powered by electricity, without a backup fuel source. This can be problematic for long road trips, as there may not be enough charging stations and charging times can vary significantly, depending on the vehicle and charger type. Otherwise, the benefits of electric cars, including lower emissions, lower long-term costs, and state-of-the-art technology, make them a desirable option for drivers who are concerned about the environment and want to save money in the long run.

3. Analysis of the Development of the Electric Vehicle Industry

The electric vehicle (EV) industry has experienced significant growth in recent years, fueled by technological advances, government policies, and increased environmental awareness [5]. Leading companies in the industry, including Tesla, BYD, and Toyota, have led the way in developing technologies that have increased battery efficiency, increased the availability of charging stations, and decreased production costs [6]. Governments everywhere have implemented tax breaks, subsidies, and stringent emissions controls to hasten the switch from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles. For instance, China's New Energy Vehicle (NEV) programme and the European Union's Green Deal have established a framework that is conducive to market growth. There are still difficulties in spite of these developments. Limited charging networks in certain regions, the environmental impact of battery production, and competition for raw materials such as lithium and cobalt are all key issues. As the industry evolves, stakeholder collaboration will be critical to addressing these issues and ensuring sustainable growth.

3.1. Cultural Differences and Sustainable Transportation Development

From the perspective of the global automotive industry, its development is constrained by many external factors, including political, economic, social and regulatory pressures. These factors not only involve consumer emotions and environmental and safety regulations but also include technological advances, exchange rate fluctuations and tax policies [5]. For example, as a representative of low-carbon transportation, the promotion of electric vehicles benefits from the strategic support of the government and industry. In London's promotion plan, the phased installation of public charging stations has been one of the key measures since 2013, covering a variety of locations such as residential areas, supermarkets, parking lots and shopping malls. The study of consumer behaviour needs to consider not only cultural differences in different regions but also the level of awareness and development of urgent issues. These factors affect consumers' decision-making processes on a global scale, especially in the field of environmental protection.

3.2. Ethical Consumerism and Its Impact on Sustainable Transportation

Consumer behavior reflects how individuals or groups select, use, or dispose of products to meet their needs, shaped by psychological, cultural, and economic factors. Ethical consumerism, which emphasizes purchasing decisions that align with environmental sustainability and social responsibility, categorizes such choices into several types [7]. "No-brainer" decisions are simple, beneficial actions requiring minimal effort, such as using energy-efficient light bulbs. "Must-do" choices are considered ethical imperatives, regardless of cost or convenience, like avoiding products from regimes with human rights violations. "Worth-doing" actions involve moderate ethical importance but often come with higher costs, such as buying fair trade goods. "Calculation" choices require weighing complex trade-offs, such as deciding whether to invest in an eco-friendly vehicle. Lastly, "value-judgment" decisions are guided by personal beliefs, like refusing to purchase products tested on animals.

Road transport, a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, accounts for one-quarter of the UK's CO2 emissions and 15% of global emissions. The increasing number of vehicles on UK roads has exacerbated their environmental impact, with private cars contributing 12% and commercial vehicles adding 8% to the UK's emissions. To address this, initiatives like the Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation promote the adoption of biofuels, though challenges remain in reducing the carbon footprint of road transport. However, the automotive industry has shown progress, with CO2 emissions from new cars in Europe dropping by 5% within a single year, demonstrating the sector's potential for innovation and adaptation .

Integrating ethical consumerism into transportation decisions can significantly influence the adoption of low-carbon vehicles and other sustainable practices. Consumers hold the power to drive change through their purchasing preferences and advocacy for eco-friendly policies. By fostering a deeper understanding of consumer behavior and its environmental impact, stakeholders can encourage a shift toward greener transportation systems, balancing ethical considerations with practical and economic realities.

4. Recommendation for Advancing Sustainable Transportation Through Consumer Awareness and Industry Support

4.1. Enhance Consumer Awareness and Ethical Decision-Making

Through the implementation of comprehensive and focused educational programmes that emphasize the many advantages of electric vehicles (EVs), stakeholders may raise consumer knowledge and encourage moral decision-making. These campaigns should focus on providing fact-based information about EVs' fewer carbon emissions, decreased dependency on fossil fuels, and notable long-term fuel and maintenance cost advantages. It's critical to dispel popular myths about range anxiety and battery longevity. Social media, interactive websites, and mobile applications are examples of digital platforms that can be used to provide interesting information, such as infographics, video tutorials, and easy-to-use carbon footprint calculators that let customers determine how their decisions will affect the environment. Campaigns can also use webinars, workshops, and Q&A sessions to answer questions from the public and build confidence. Promoting ethical consumerism requires framing EV purchases as meaningful contributions to global sustainability goals, emphasizing their alignment with values like environmental stewardship and social responsibility. Sharing real-life stories of EV owners, supported by data on reduced greenhouse gas emissions and community benefits, can inspire broader adoption. Offering tangible incentives such as tax credits, purchase subsidies, free charging station access, or discounted insurance rates can further reduce financial barriers and motivate action. By combining education with emotional resonance and practical support, these efforts aim to empower consumers to make well-informed, value-driven decisions that advance sustainable transportation while enhancing individual and collective well-being.

4.2. Expand Infrastructure for EV Adoption

A robust network of charging infrastructure is necessary for widespread EV adoption. Governments should hasten the installation of charging stations in various and convenient locations, such as residential neighbourhoods, shopping malls, office complexes, roads, and public parking lots. Equality of access can be ensured by giving priority to high-traffic areas and underdeveloped regions, as demonstrated by successful examples such as London's strategic urban planning. Range anxiety can be reduced by installing fast-charging stations along long-distance and transit hub routes, while residential charging choices can meet everyday commuter demands. Partnerships with businesses in the private sector, such shops and lodging establishments, can increase the availability of charging stations and include them into regular activities.

Financial incentives can play a pivotal role in making EVs more accessible and appealing. To help offset the higher initial costs of EVs, governments should offer subsidies, with a focus on low-to-middle-income households and first-time customers. Tax rebates can further improve affordability on EV purchases, lower registration costs, and exemptions from traffic or toll taxes. Long-term costs for EV users can be decreased by providing incentives such as grants for building personal charging stations or discounted electricity rates for home charging, in addition to car ownership. By removing financial obstacles, these actions make the case for EV adoption stronger from an economic standpoint.

Building smart and interconnected charging networks enhances efficiency and convenience. Governments and utility companies can invest in systems that allow users to locate, reserve, and pay for charging stations via mobile apps. Dynamic pricing based on demand can encourage off-peak charging, easing grid pressure. Moreover, integrating renewable energy sources like solar panels into charging infrastructure can reduce the carbon footprint of EV usage, aligning the initiative with broader sustainability goals.

5. Conclusion

This paper examines the factors influencing consumers' decisions between gasoline-powered and electric vehicles (EVs), as well as the growing trend of EV adoption. It explores the distinctions between electric and gasoline-powered vehicles, emphasizing factors including convenience, maintenance costs, performance, and environmental impact. While highlighting the economic and environmental benefits of electric vehicles, the report also notes some of their drawbacks, including their higher initial costs and inadequate infrastructure. The study also looks at how ethical consumption, governmental regulations, and cultural variations may affect sustainable transportation in the future. Suggestions have been made to promote the broader use of electric vehicles, such as raising consumer awareness and developing infrastructure.

Despite analyzing cultural differences across different locations, this study does not explore the particular circumstances of global markets, such as the distinctions between developed and developing nations. Future studies could examine the effects of social culture, infrastructure development, and policy on the uptake of electric vehicles by thoroughly examining consumer behaviour in various geographical and cultural situations.