1. Introduction

The rapid growth of global trade and e-commerce has significantly increased the demand for logistics services. However, traditional logistics models heavily rely on fossil fuels, generate substantial greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to environmental degradation [1]. In response to these challenges, green logistics has emerged as a sustainable alternative aimed at reducing the environmental impact of logistics activities while maintaining economic efficiency [1,2].

Green logistics integrates environmental considerations into logistics systems, focusing on energy conservation, emission reduction, and resource efficiency. Scholars and practitioners have explored various dimensions of green logistics, including technological innovations, management strategies, and policy frameworks [3,4]. Despite progress, the implementation of green logistics faces multiple obstacles, such as high costs, technological limitations, and insufficient regulatory support [5].

This paper examines the development status and optimization strategies of green logistics through literature review and case analysis. It addresses the following questions: What are the main challenges in implementing green logistics? How can these challenges be overcome through technological innovation and policy support? The findings aim to provide theoretical and practical insights for businesses and governments seeking to promote sustainable logistics practices.

2. The concept and principles of green logistics

2.1. Definition of green logistics

Green logistics refers to the integration of environmentally friendly practices into logistics operations to minimize ecological impact. It encompasses activities such as transportation, warehousing, packaging, and distribution, with a focus on reducing carbon emissions, waste, and resource consumption [1,2]. The concept emphasizes sustainability, efficiency, and responsibility towards the environment [3].

2.2. Core principles of green logistics

The core principles of green logistics include:

(1) Energy Efficiency: Optimizing fuel consumption and adopting renewable energy sources [4].

(2) Emission Reduction: Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants [1].

(3) Waste Management: Reducing packaging waste and promoting recycling [5].

(4) Sustainable Procurement: Sourcing materials and services from environmentally responsible suppliers [3].

(5) System Integration: Coordinating logistics activities across the supply chain to enhance sustainability [4].

3. Development status of green logistics

3.1. International development status

Globally, developed countries have made significant strides in green logistics. The European Union has implemented stringent regulations on carbon emissions and promoted the use of electric vehicles (EVs) in logistics [6]. Companies like DHL and Maersk have adopted green technologies, such as energy-efficient warehouses and carbon-neutral shipping options [7]. In the United States, initiatives like the Environmental Protection Agency's SmartWay program encourage freight carriers to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions [1,8].

3.2. Domestic development status in China

In China, the rapid expansion of e-commerce has intensified the need for green logistics. The government has introduced policies to promote sustainable logistics, including subsidies for electric vehicles and restrictions on packaging waste [5,9]. Companies like Alibaba and JD.com have launched green logistics initiatives, such as reusable packaging and solar-powered warehouses [9]. However, compared to international standards, China’s green logistics sector is still in its early stages, facing challenges in implementation and scalability [5,9].

3.3. Case studies of green logistics practices

DHL's GoGreen Program: DHL has invested in electric vehicles, carbon-neutral shipping, and energy-efficient facilities. The company aims to achieve zero emissions by 2050 [7].

Amazon's Sustainability Initiatives: Amazon has committed to using 100% renewable energy by 2025 and deployed electric delivery vehicles in multiple countries [10].

JD.com's Green Warehouses: JD.com has built solar-powered warehouses and implemented AI-based route optimization to reduce fuel consumption [9].

4. Challenges in green logistics

4.1. Technological limitations

Although technology is improving quickly, many green logistics tools and machines are still not widely used. One reason is that they are often too expensive for small and medium-sized companies [5]. For example, electric trucks and vans are more costly than traditional ones and have shorter ranges. Charging stations are also limited in many areas [9]. Furthermore, these technologies often require employee training, adding to the cost and time needed for adoption [2].

4.2. Cost pressures

Going green in logistics often means spending more money at the beginning. Buying electric vehicles, solar panels, or automated systems costs a lot [2,4]. Many small businesses cannot afford these investments. Operational costs, such as maintenance or specialized packaging, are also higher. Additionally, green practices may slow down the supply chain due to added steps like waste sorting or using lower-emission transport methods [5].

4.3. Inadequate policies and regulations

Even though some countries have introduced supportive laws, many green logistics policies lack enforcement or clear guidelines [6]. Regulations can vary widely between countries or even within regions, creating confusion for companies operating internationally [9]. Moreover, the absence of standardized tools for measuring environmental impact makes it hard to track progress and set clear goals [3].

5. Optimization strategies for green logistics

5.1. Technological innovation

Technological innovation is crucial for the development of green logistics. Electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles help reduce emissions, and as technology improves, their use becomes more feasible [1,2]. Smart logistics systems that use IoT, AI, and big data help companies plan better routes, reduce fuel use, and improve delivery efficiency [4]. Automation in warehouses also cuts energy use by speeding up storage and retrieval tasks, reducing both time and electricity waste [10].

5.2. Management optimization

Better management practices support green logistics. Collaboration among suppliers, producers, and retailers can reduce unnecessary shipping, optimize inventory, and cut down emissions [4]. Reverse logistics systems allow companies to recycle or reuse products, reducing landfill waste and the need for new materials [3]. For example, using returnable packaging or recycling damaged goods helps save money and protect the environment [2].

5.3. Policy support

Government support is essential in promoting green logistics. Financial tools like tax breaks and subsidies can help businesses afford eco-friendly technologies [6,9]. Regulations that clearly define emission limits and recycling requirements also guide companies toward sustainability goals [5]. Lastly, public awareness campaigns educate both companies and consumers, encouraging greener behaviors, such as choosing sustainable delivery options or supporting green brands [3,7].

6. Discussion

6.1. Future trends in green logistics

Green logistics will continue to evolve with the help of advanced technologies. Autonomous vehicles and drone deliveries are expected to change the way goods are transported, offering faster and cleaner solutions [10]. Blockchain technology can also help build trust and transparency in the supply chain, reducing waste and improving tracking [4]. Additionally, the circular economy—where resources are reused or recycled instead of discarded—will become central in logistics planning, encouraging companies to design sustainable packaging and reuse systems [3].

6.2. The importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration

Sustainable logistics cannot be achieved by one party alone. Businesses must invest in clean technologies and improve internal processes [2,3]. At the same time, governments must provide the right legal and financial environment through policies and support programs [6]. Consumers also have a role to play: when they choose greener delivery options or support sustainable brands, they push companies to act responsibly [7]. Education and public campaigns are essential to create a culture of shared environmental responsibility across society [3,9].

7. Conclusion

Green logistics is essential for achieving sustainable development in the logistics industry, as it addresses the growing environmental impact of global trade and transportation. This paper has explored the concept, principles, development status, challenges, and optimization strategies of green logistics, offering both theoretical insights and practical recommendations. The research shows that while green logistics has gained increasing attention worldwide, its implementation is uneven across countries and regions. Developed economies such as those in the European Union and the United States have established comprehensive frameworks and promoted technological adoption, whereas developing countries like China are still in the early stages, facing obstacles such as limited technological access, high implementation costs, and insufficient regulatory enforcement.

Despite these challenges, the study identifies viable solutions, including the promotion of new energy vehicles, intelligent logistics systems, automated warehouses, and improved supply chain collaboration. Policy support, such as government incentives and standardized regulations, also plays a critical role in enabling a favorable environment for sustainable logistics transformation. Moreover, public awareness and consumer participation are crucial for driving demand for green logistics services.

In conclusion, green logistics is not just a technological shift but a systemic transformation that involves multiple stakeholders. Achieving sustainable logistics requires close cooperation among businesses, governments, and consumers, alongside continued research and innovation. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting current gaps and proposing optimization strategies, offering guidance for future development. Moving forward, interdisciplinary research, empirical case studies, and international collaboration will be essential in advancing the global transition toward greener, more resilient logistics systems.