1. Introduction

With the extensive penetration of digital media, including social media, online news, and blogs, it plays an increasingly important role in people’s daily lives, becoming the primary medium for information acquisition and dissemination. According to Reyna, Hanham, and Meier, “These technological advances have changed how we communicate, socialize and learn” [1]. In the age of digital media, textual expressions are no longer limited to traditional written language but include emerging forms of language, such as contractions [2], emoticons, and kaomoji [3]. These expressions have spread rapidly on digital media through social media and instant messaging tools and have become an indispensable part of daily communication. In addition, visual images play an increasingly important role in expressing emotions and opinions, with emojis, memes, and screenshots becoming a visual way of expressing feelings and empathy [4]. Digital media has also given rise to the widespread use of video forms, with short videos and video calls becoming one of the main ways of online socializing and information sharing.

Previous research has explored the impact of digital media on language and communication, emphasizing its tendency to make expression more concise and efficient [5]. However, with the advent of COVID-19, people’s social lives are gradually shifting to digital platforms, and online interactive tools such as online meetings have shown explosive growth [6]. This phenomenon has accelerated the shaping of language by digital media and triggered the rise of more complex and three-dimensional forms of communication. The emergence and intervention of multimedia forms on digital platforms have also become more frequent, and their forms have been transformed and updated to some extent in line with the changing context of the times. The rise of this form of media provides a more vivid way of delivering information. It promotes the diversification of linguistic expressions, making people pay more attention to the role of emotional and visual elements in communication.

This study aims to delve into the specific impact of digital media on language styles and communication modalities to gain a fuller and deeper understanding of the far-reaching impact of this media evolution on social communication. In addition, employ textual analysis to explore the interactions of multimedia forms such as text, images, and video on digital platforms and how these interactions shape and change people’s linguistic expressions. It will focus on the impact of digital media on traditional communication styles, including changes in the simplicity, immediacy, and variety of linguistic expressions. This study hopes to provide insights into understanding the mechanisms of language and communication evolution in the digital age and provide valuable references for future social and technological development.

2. Interaction of multimedia forms on digital platforms and the impact on language style

2.1. Text forms

2.1.1. Contractions/abbreviation

Interaction using abbreviations is a typical style of language on digital platforms. According to statistics from websites that study the presence of Internet contractions, there are 4,195,875 contractions registered on the Web [7]. Examples of contractions are numerous, like Tmrw (tomorrow), Gd- good, TBH – to be honest, ASAP - As soon as possible, LOL - Lough out loud, LMK –let me know…

Some of these contractions are the most common phrases in everyday speech, can occur in informal and formal conversation types, and appear very frequently in online communication interactions. According to AbuSa’aleek, “e-discourse creates a kind of semi-speech between speaking and writing. Thus, it is similar to face-to-face communication regarding interactivity” [8]. The pervasive use of contractions in digital interactions has dramatically brought about the infusion of colloquialisms, improved efficiency, increased convenience, and changes in the relational distance of interlocutors.

First, users can convey their intentions in a shorter period, simplifying the transfer of information and improving communication effectiveness. Through concise abbreviations and simplified expressions, users can convey information quickly, reducing communication complexity and facilitating more accessible interactions. This rapid communication is essential for real-time communication on digital platforms such as instant messaging and social media interactions. In addition, the widespread use of acronyms has injected a more colloquial essence into written language on the Internet. Users mimic spoken patterns and inject a relaxed, conversational style into typed exchanges. This colloquialization enriches the diversity of language expressions and adds a personal touch to interactions, fostering a sense of informality and familiarity.

2.1.2. Emoticons/kaomoji

Emoticons and kaomoji characters frequently interact on digital platforms as an auxiliary language. Emoticons are pictorial representations created using keyboard characters, such as “:-)” to express emotions in written communication. Kaomoji, conversely, are a more intricate form of emoticons originating from Japan, utilizing a combination of characters to create expressive facial features and convey nuanced emotions, for example, “(¬‿¬)”. They are usually composed using special text symbols or punctuation to create collocations. They are often used to simulate an interlocutor’s expression, thus aiding in expressing the interlocutor’s tone and mood in an interaction. Depending on the person’s identity, traits, and personality, the frequency of using emoticons will be different, and the style of emoticons used will also be different. The following is a conversation between two teenage girls in an internet chat room:

adz46: :-(

pintsize: :)

adz46: :-(

pintsize: cheer up!

adz46: :-|

[interaction ends] (Chatroom conversation) [3]

The integration of emoticons and kaomoji in digital interactions has profoundly influenced language styles and communication methods on online platforms. This impact is particularly evident in the amalgamation of textual expression with emotional conveyance, the heightened sense of emotional interaction, and the simulation of face-to-face conversations.

First, using emoticons and kaomoji has enriched the communication experience by allowing users to add subtle emotional nuances to written messages. These visual elements can complement written language, allowing individuals to infuse their messages with emotions that may be difficult to express with words alone. This fusion of words and emotions enhances the overall expressiveness of digital communication. By expressing emotions visually, a deeper and more direct emotional connection can be established between users. This additional form of emotional expression promotes empathy and understanding beyond the limitations of text-only communication.

In addition, using emoticons and kaomoji in digital discourse mimics the spontaneity and informality of face-to-face conversations. These visual cues mimic nonverbal communication elements such as facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice, which are essential to interpersonal communication. By incorporating these elements into digital communications, users can create a more natural and dynamic way of communicating as if they were having a face-to-face conversation. As digital communication continues to evolve, understanding the multifaceted role of visual elements in language expression becomes increasingly crucial.

2.2. Visual image forms

2.2.1. Emojis

Visual emojis are fun and expressive images used in digital communication to convey emotions and reactions or add a touch of personality to their messages. Unlike traditional text-based emoticons that use punctuation marks to create faces, visual emojis are colorful, tiny images that can be inserted directly into text. They are like the modern-day equivalent of facial expressions and body language in face-to-face communication but for the digital world.

Emojis can instantly change the mood of a message, making it more playful, serious, or even sarcastic. In essence, visual emojis are like the spice of digital communication – they add flavor, convey emotions, and make online conversations more engaging and livelier. Table 1 below shows some examples of emoticons and what they mean:

Table 1: Emoji examples [9]

The use of visual emoticons in digital interactions has uniquely impacted the style of language and communication in online platforms. This influence is reflected in the modulation of tone, the direct expression of emotion, the amplification of authenticity in online interactions, and the infusion of playfulness.

Visual emoticons are primarily used as a dynamic tool to enhance or moderate the tone of written communication. Unlike textual emoticons, visual emoticons can convey the speaker’s attitude through nuance, allowing the user to adjust the intensity of the message. Whether it is a playful wink or a severe frown, visual emoticons allow users to fine-tune the tone of a message in a visually engaging way. Additionally, visual emojis allow for a more direct and immediate expression of emotion. Using emoticons such as hearts, smiley faces, or tears allows people to express their emotions in a visually compelling way that transcends the limitations of the written word. This direct expression contributes to a more emotionally resonant and transparent communication, facilitating a deeper connection between digital communicators.

On the other hand, incorporating visual emoticons enhances the authenticity of online interactions. Users can create a more authentic and relatable virtual presence by adding a visual layer to the expression of emotions and reactions. This visual realism helps to deliver a more realistic and immersive online experience, bridging the gap between digital and real-world interactions. Furthermore, the use of visual emoticons introduces an element of play to digital communications. These colorful and whimsical symbols inject humor and lightheartedness into conversations, making communication more engaging and enjoyable. This injection of fun adds a layer of entertainment to online interactions, making them practical and enjoyable for users.

2.2.2. Memes

Visual memes are hilarious images or videos spread like wildfire across social media. Instead of words, they use visuals to tell a funny or relatable story. These memes are like the punchlines of inside jokes but with pictures. Memes can capture a moment, emotion, or trend in a way that almost everyone can instantly get. They often use pictures, characters, or scenes from popular culture, turning them into a funny commentary on real-life situations. It is like turning everyday experiences into a comedy show everyone can enjoy.

Figure 1: An example of the ‘One does not simply’ meme was created with MemeGenerator. [10]

Figure 2: Screenshot of GIF featuring Liz Lemon ‘high fiving a million angels’. [10]

As shown in Figure 1&2, primarily, meme images augment fun and playfulness in online conversations, injecting a dose of humor that transcends traditional textual communication. One critical impact of using meme images is the elevation of the entertainment factor in digital exchanges. Memes are often characterized by their humorous and relatable content, providing users with an engaging and enjoyable means of expressing themselves. This infusion of levity makes communication more enjoyable and establishes a shared sense of humor among participants.

Moreover, meme images create vivid and expressive representations of emotions and intentions. These visuals serve as dynamic tools for conveying nuanced feelings, attitudes, and responses concisely and impactfully. Whether it is the eye-roll of a celebrity or the exaggerated facial expression of a well-known character, memes allow users to vividly express their emotions, making digital communication more visually expressive and engaging. In addition, meme images enable individuals to stay abreast of trends and hot topics in a culturally relevant way. Memes often emerge in response to current events, internet phenomena, or pop culture trends, providing a real-time snapshot of the online zeitgeist.

2.2.3. Screenshots

One notable impact on communication methods is the ability of screenshots to serve as a direct and objective means of conveying information, often substituting the need for verbose language descriptions. Screenshots provide a visual snapshot of digital content, allowing users to share specific details, visuals, or conversations without relying solely on linguistic articulation. This visual representation enhances the clarity and precision of information transfer, contributing to more straightforward and efficient communication.

In addition to facilitating direct communication, screenshots are valuable archival tools, just like saving “evidence” [11]. Users create tangible and timestamped documentation of online interactions by capturing and storing visual records of digital content. This archival aspect allows for the retrieval and review of past information, preserving digital conversations and facilitating a historical context for communication on digital platforms.

2.3. Video forms

2.3.1. Short videos

The advent of major short video platforms has significantly impacted language styles and communication methods in the digital realm. One notable influence is the use of short videos for sharing trending topics and humorous anecdotes. With the rise of platforms dedicated to short-form video content, individuals engage in a dynamic exchange by sending these videos to one another or watching videos together [12]. This mode of communication aligns with contemporary trends and serves as a quick and engaging way to convey current cultural phenomena, fostering a shared understanding and connection.

Moreover, short videos have catalyzed lighthearted and enjoyable casual conversations. Users leverage short video content’s visual and auditory richness to infuse humor and personality into their digital interactions. This facilitates an atmosphere of relaxation and amusement, transforming routine conversations into entertaining exchanges that reflect the evolving nature of modern communication. Furthermore, the impact of short videos lies in their ability to create a lasting impression. The combination of audiovisual elements enhances the immersive quality of these videos, making the communication experience more memorable. Whether capturing emotions, narrating personal anecdotes, or sharing experiences, short videos evoke a more robust emotional response than traditional text-based communication, contributing to a more profound and memorable interaction.

2.3.2. Video calls

The integration of video calls in digital interactions has revolutionized language styles and communication methods, acting as a formidable substitute for face-to-face interactions in the virtual realm. One of the most notable impacts is video calls’ real-time and high-efficiency nature. Unlike traditional text-based communication, video calls enable instantaneous exchanges, capturing facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice in real-time. This immediacy contributes to a more dynamic and expressive form of communication, fostering a sense of connection that transcends the constraints of written language. The convenience of video calls, allowing individuals to connect anytime and anywhere, eliminates geographical barriers and temporal constraints. This accessibility promotes a more inclusive and globally connected communication environment. Video calls empower users to interact face-to-face with colleagues, friends, or family members, fostering a sense of presence and immediacy that written communication often lacks.

Moreover, the significance of video calls has been magnified by the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. As social distancing became necessary, video calls emerged as a crucial tool for maintaining interpersonal connections, personally and professionally, and showed high usability [13]. The ability to see and hear one another virtually became invaluable when physical proximity was restricted, emphasizing the pivotal role of video calls in adapting communication methods to the evolving circumstances. The COVID-19 situation further underscores the importance of video calls in bridging the gap between individuals and overcoming isolation. The visual and auditory elements of video calls provide a lifelike simulation of in-person interactions, addressing the inherent limitations of text-based communication. This has transformed the dynamics of remote work and education and has become a cornerstone in maintaining social bonds during physical separation.

3. Reflections

Digital media’s impact on language styles and communication methods has ushered in positive transformations, enhancing efficiency, immediacy, and diversity across various platforms. Integrating multiple forms in digital interactions has significantly improved efficiency and convenience. Moreover, it has enriched the emotional dimension of digital communication and facilitated the expression of subtle emotional nuances, fostering a deeper and more direct emotional connection. At the same time, they have added a layer of authenticity and playfulness to online interactions, contributing to a more emotionally resonant and transparent form of communication. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, these elements offered real-time and high-efficiency communication, eliminating geographical barriers and promoting a globally connected communication environment.

However, amidst these advantages, concerns arise regarding the potential erosion of formality in digital communication. The widespread use of contractions, abbreviations, and colloquial expressions may contribute to a decline in the use of formal language, impacting professional and formal interactions. The informality introduced by these elements might need to align with expectations in specific contexts. The informality introduced by visual elements may also pose challenges in formal settings, where a more traditional and polished communication style is expected. More reliance on colloquial expressions and visual cues might be perceived as unprofessional in specific contexts, potentially hindering effective communication.

Furthermore, relying on visual elements like emoticons, emojis, and memes may diminish the emphasis on traditional written language skills. Younger generations might find the ease of visual communication a deterrent from mastering the nuances of formal language, potentially impacting their language learning and proficiency.

To sum up, while digital media has undoubtedly enhanced communication, it is crucial to acknowledge and address potential negative implications on language formality, traditional language skills, and appropriateness in different communication contexts. Striking a delicate balance between the advantages and potential drawbacks is essential for the evolution of language and communication in the digital age.

4. Suggestions

4.1. Digital platforms

Digital platforms should prioritize reinforcing screening mechanisms and implementing advanced algorithms for content classification. Focusing on distinguishing formal and informal content is crucial to creating a more refined online environment. Strengthening review processes and incorporating innovative technologies will contribute to a more accurate categorization, ensuring users are exposed to content that aligns with their preferences and expectations. On the other hand, digital platforms must establish stringent oversight mechanisms. Clear governance policies should be implemented to guide content creators and users, fostering a responsible digital communication landscape. Regular audits and updates to these oversight systems are essential to keep pace with evolving language trends.

4.2. Population

Educational initiatives must be intensified to enhance individuals’ proficiency distinguishing between formal and informal language usage. Integrating modules on digital literacy into educational curricula is essential, emphasizing the significance of adapting communication styles based on context. This proactive approach ensures that individuals have the skills necessary for responsible language use in digital spaces. Furthermore, launch public awareness campaigns to promote objective attitudes towards language diversity on digital platforms. Encourage users to appreciate the value of formal and informal expressions in different contexts. Foster a culture of understanding and adaptability, where users approach digital communication with a nuanced and open-minded perspective. Engaging influencers and thought leaders in these campaigns can amplify their impact and reach a broader audience.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, the transformative impact of digital media on language styles and communication methods is undeniable, shaping how individuals express themselves and connect in the modern world. The evolution from traditional text-based communication to a multifaceted landscape encompassing text, images, and video forms has ushered in positive enhancements and potential challenges.

Digital platforms have become dynamic arenas where language undergoes constant innovation. The prevalence of contractions, abbreviations, and colloquial expressions has undoubtedly improved communication efficiency, allowing users to convey information swiftly and fostering a more relaxed and informal tone. Emoticons, emojis, memes, and screenshots have enriched the emotional dimension of digital communication, creating a deeper and more direct connection among users. Meanwhile, short videos and video calls have redefined the meaning of immediacy, offering a lifelike simulation of face-to-face interactions and overcoming geographical barriers.

However, these advancements raise concerns about the potential erosion of formality in digital communication. The informality introduced by visual elements may impact formal and professional interactions, challenging traditional language norms. The ease of visual communication may deter individuals, especially younger generations, from mastering the nuances of formal language, potentially affecting language proficiency.

To address these challenges, digital platforms must implement robust screening mechanisms and content classification algorithms to distinguish between formal and informal content. Oversight mechanisms and clear governance policies should guide content creators and users, ensuring responsible communication practices. On the population front, educational initiatives must focus on enhancing digital literacy and teaching individuals to adapt communication styles based on context. Public awareness campaigns can promote an objective attitude towards language diversity on digital platforms, encouraging users to appreciate formal and informal expressions in different contexts.

In navigating the evolving digital communication landscape, finding a delicate balance between the advantages of innovation and the preservation of linguistic norms is crucial. By acknowledging the challenges and proactively addressing them, we can ensure that the digital age continues to foster meaningful and effective communication across diverse contexts. The ongoing collaboration between digital platforms, educational institutions, and users is essential for the responsible evolution of language in the digital era.