References
[1]. Mosley, D. V., Hargons, C. N., Meiller, C., Angyal, B., Wheeler, P., Davis, C., & Stevens-Watkins, D. (2021). Critical consciousness of anti-Black racism: A practical model to prevent and resist racial trauma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(1), 1–16.
[2]. Yoo, H. C., Atkin, A. L., Seaton, E. K., Gabriel, A. K., & Parks, S. J. (2021). Development of a support for Black Lives Matter measure among racially–ethnically diverse college students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 68(1-2), 100–113.
[3]. West, K., Greenland, K., & Laar, C. (2021). Implicit racism, colour blindness, and narrow definitions of discrimination: Why some White people prefer “All Lives Matter” to “Black Lives Matter.” British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(4), 1136–1153.
[4]. Keum, Miller, M. J., Lee, M., & Chen, G. A. (2018). Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale for Asian Americans: Testing the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Generational Status. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 9(2), 149–157.
[5]. Museus, S. D., & Park, J. J. (2015). The Continuing Significance of Racism in the Lives of Asian American College Students. Journal of College Student Development, 56(6), 551–569.
[6]. Haft, S. L., & Zhou, Q. (2021). An outbreak of xenophobia: Perceived discrimination and anxiety in Chinese American college students before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Psychology, 56(4), 522–531.
[7]. Qian, Heyman, G. D., Quinn, P. C., Messi, F. A., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2016). Implicit Racial Biases in Preschool Children and Adults From Asia and Africa. Child Development, 87(1), 285–296.
[8]. Setoh, Lee, K. J. J., Zhang, L., Qian, M. K., Quinn, P. C., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (2019). Racial Categorization Predicts Implicit Racial Bias in Preschool Children. Child Development, 90(1), 162–179.
[9]. Greenwald, McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.
[10]. Gawronski, B., Hofmann, W., & Wilbur, C. J. (2006). Are “implicit” attitudes unconscious? Consciousness and Cognition, 15(3), 485–499.
[11]. Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2006). Understanding implicit and explicit attitude change: A systems of reasoning analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6), 995-1008.
[12]. Greenwald, Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197–216.
[13]. Neville, Lilly, R. L., Duran, G., Lee, R. M., & Browne, L. (2000). Construction and Initial Validation of the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 59–70.
[14]. Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior (pp. 265–292). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
[15]. Cunningham, Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit Attitude Measures: Consistency, Stability, and Convergent Validity. Psychological Science, 12(2), 163–170.
[16]. Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2001). Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift fu¨r Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 85–93.
[17]. Schofield, J. W. (1986). Causes and consequences of the colorblind perspective. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 231-253). New York: Academic Press.
[18]. Frankenberg, R. (1993). White women, race matters: The social construction of whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
[19]. Baron, & Banaji, M. R. (2006). The Development of Implicit Attitudes: Evidence of Race Evaluations from Ages 6 and 10 and Adulthood. Psychological Science, 17(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01664.x
[20]. Rutland, Cameron, L., Milne, A., & McGeorge, P. (2005). Social Norms and Self-Presentation: Children’s Implicit and Explicit Intergroup Attitudes. Child Development, 76(2), 451–466.
[21]. Williams, & Steele, J. R. (2019). Examining Children’s Implicit Racial Attitudes Using Exemplar and Category‐Based Measures. Child Development, 90(3), e322–e338. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12991
[22]. Qian, Heyman, G. D., Quinn, P. C., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2019). Differential Developmental Courses of Implicit and Explicit Biases for Different Other-Race Classes. Developmental Psychology, 55(7), 1440–1452.
[23]. Dunham, Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2006). From American City to Japanese Village: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Implicit Race Attitudes. Child Development, 77(5), 1268–1281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00933.x
[24]. Vuletich, & Payne, B. K. (2019). Stability and Change in Implicit Bias. Psychological Science, 30(6), 854–862. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619844270
[25]. Payne, & Hannay, J. W. (2021). Implicit bias reflects systemic racism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(11), 927–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.08.001
[26]. Akinro, N., & Mbunyuza-Memani, L. (2019). Black is not beautiful: Persistent messages and the globalization of “white” beauty in African women’s magazines. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 12(4), 308–324.
[27]. Makkar, J. K., & Strube, M. J. (1995). Black Women’s Self-Perceptions of Attractiveness Following Exposure to White Versus Black Beauty Standards: The Moderating Role of Racial Identity and Self-Esteem. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(17), 1547–1566.
[28]. Milkie, M. A. (1999). Social Comparisons, Reflected Appraisals, and Mass Media: The Impact of Pervasive Beauty Images on Black and White Girls’ Self-Concepts. Social Psychology Quarterly, 62(2), 190–210.
[29]. Payne, Burkley, M. A., & Stokes, M. B. (2008). Why Do Implicit and Explicit Attitude Tests Diverge? The Role of Structural Fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.16
[30]. Prestwich, Kenworthy, J. B., Wilson, M., & Kwan-Tat, N. (2008). Differential relations between two types of contact and implicit and explicit racial attitudes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(4), 575–588.
[31]. Feddes, Noack, P., & Rutland, A. (2009). Direct and Extended Friendship Effects on Minority and Majority Childrens Interethnic Attitudes: A Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 80(2), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01266.x
[32]. Rutland, Cameron, L., Bennett, L., & Ferrell, J. (2005). Interracial contact and racial constancy: A multi-site study of racial intergroup bias in 3–5 year old Anglo-British children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(6), 699–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2005.08.005
[33]. Killen, Kelly, M. C., Richardson, C., & Jampol, N. S. (2010). Attributions of Intentions and Fairness Judgments Regarding Interracial Peer Encounters. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1206–1213.
Cite this article
Feng,M. (2023). Racial Attitudes toward Black and Asian People: From Chinese International Students’ Perspective. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,3,530-539.
Data availability
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References
[1]. Mosley, D. V., Hargons, C. N., Meiller, C., Angyal, B., Wheeler, P., Davis, C., & Stevens-Watkins, D. (2021). Critical consciousness of anti-Black racism: A practical model to prevent and resist racial trauma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(1), 1–16.
[2]. Yoo, H. C., Atkin, A. L., Seaton, E. K., Gabriel, A. K., & Parks, S. J. (2021). Development of a support for Black Lives Matter measure among racially–ethnically diverse college students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 68(1-2), 100–113.
[3]. West, K., Greenland, K., & Laar, C. (2021). Implicit racism, colour blindness, and narrow definitions of discrimination: Why some White people prefer “All Lives Matter” to “Black Lives Matter.” British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(4), 1136–1153.
[4]. Keum, Miller, M. J., Lee, M., & Chen, G. A. (2018). Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale for Asian Americans: Testing the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Generational Status. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 9(2), 149–157.
[5]. Museus, S. D., & Park, J. J. (2015). The Continuing Significance of Racism in the Lives of Asian American College Students. Journal of College Student Development, 56(6), 551–569.
[6]. Haft, S. L., & Zhou, Q. (2021). An outbreak of xenophobia: Perceived discrimination and anxiety in Chinese American college students before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Psychology, 56(4), 522–531.
[7]. Qian, Heyman, G. D., Quinn, P. C., Messi, F. A., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2016). Implicit Racial Biases in Preschool Children and Adults From Asia and Africa. Child Development, 87(1), 285–296.
[8]. Setoh, Lee, K. J. J., Zhang, L., Qian, M. K., Quinn, P. C., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (2019). Racial Categorization Predicts Implicit Racial Bias in Preschool Children. Child Development, 90(1), 162–179.
[9]. Greenwald, McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.
[10]. Gawronski, B., Hofmann, W., & Wilbur, C. J. (2006). Are “implicit” attitudes unconscious? Consciousness and Cognition, 15(3), 485–499.
[11]. Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2006). Understanding implicit and explicit attitude change: A systems of reasoning analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6), 995-1008.
[12]. Greenwald, Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197–216.
[13]. Neville, Lilly, R. L., Duran, G., Lee, R. M., & Browne, L. (2000). Construction and Initial Validation of the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 59–70.
[14]. Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior (pp. 265–292). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
[15]. Cunningham, Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit Attitude Measures: Consistency, Stability, and Convergent Validity. Psychological Science, 12(2), 163–170.
[16]. Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2001). Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift fu¨r Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 85–93.
[17]. Schofield, J. W. (1986). Causes and consequences of the colorblind perspective. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 231-253). New York: Academic Press.
[18]. Frankenberg, R. (1993). White women, race matters: The social construction of whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
[19]. Baron, & Banaji, M. R. (2006). The Development of Implicit Attitudes: Evidence of Race Evaluations from Ages 6 and 10 and Adulthood. Psychological Science, 17(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01664.x
[20]. Rutland, Cameron, L., Milne, A., & McGeorge, P. (2005). Social Norms and Self-Presentation: Children’s Implicit and Explicit Intergroup Attitudes. Child Development, 76(2), 451–466.
[21]. Williams, & Steele, J. R. (2019). Examining Children’s Implicit Racial Attitudes Using Exemplar and Category‐Based Measures. Child Development, 90(3), e322–e338. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12991
[22]. Qian, Heyman, G. D., Quinn, P. C., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2019). Differential Developmental Courses of Implicit and Explicit Biases for Different Other-Race Classes. Developmental Psychology, 55(7), 1440–1452.
[23]. Dunham, Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2006). From American City to Japanese Village: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Implicit Race Attitudes. Child Development, 77(5), 1268–1281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00933.x
[24]. Vuletich, & Payne, B. K. (2019). Stability and Change in Implicit Bias. Psychological Science, 30(6), 854–862. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619844270
[25]. Payne, & Hannay, J. W. (2021). Implicit bias reflects systemic racism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(11), 927–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.08.001
[26]. Akinro, N., & Mbunyuza-Memani, L. (2019). Black is not beautiful: Persistent messages and the globalization of “white” beauty in African women’s magazines. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 12(4), 308–324.
[27]. Makkar, J. K., & Strube, M. J. (1995). Black Women’s Self-Perceptions of Attractiveness Following Exposure to White Versus Black Beauty Standards: The Moderating Role of Racial Identity and Self-Esteem. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(17), 1547–1566.
[28]. Milkie, M. A. (1999). Social Comparisons, Reflected Appraisals, and Mass Media: The Impact of Pervasive Beauty Images on Black and White Girls’ Self-Concepts. Social Psychology Quarterly, 62(2), 190–210.
[29]. Payne, Burkley, M. A., & Stokes, M. B. (2008). Why Do Implicit and Explicit Attitude Tests Diverge? The Role of Structural Fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.16
[30]. Prestwich, Kenworthy, J. B., Wilson, M., & Kwan-Tat, N. (2008). Differential relations between two types of contact and implicit and explicit racial attitudes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(4), 575–588.
[31]. Feddes, Noack, P., & Rutland, A. (2009). Direct and Extended Friendship Effects on Minority and Majority Childrens Interethnic Attitudes: A Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 80(2), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01266.x
[32]. Rutland, Cameron, L., Bennett, L., & Ferrell, J. (2005). Interracial contact and racial constancy: A multi-site study of racial intergroup bias in 3–5 year old Anglo-British children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(6), 699–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2005.08.005
[33]. Killen, Kelly, M. C., Richardson, C., & Jampol, N. S. (2010). Attributions of Intentions and Fairness Judgments Regarding Interracial Peer Encounters. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1206–1213.