How ICT Development Since the 1990s Has Contributed Differently to Gender Equality in High-income, Middle-income and Low-income Countries

Research Article
Open access

How ICT Development Since the 1990s Has Contributed Differently to Gender Equality in High-income, Middle-income and Low-income Countries

Yilin Ye 1* , Xiaopei Feng 2 , Shangzhen Li 3
  • 1 Dongguan University of Technology    
  • 2 University of California Davis    
  • 3 California Crosspoint High School    
  • *corresponding author kimberlyyip10@sina.com
Published on 26 October 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/11/20230758
LNEP Vol.11
ISSN (Print): 2753-7056
ISSN (Online): 2753-7048
ISBN (Print): 978-1-83558-047-9
ISBN (Online): 978-1-83558-048-6

Abstract

Gender inequality is a global issue. It is well known that ICT (Information and Communications Technology) development has a place in promoting gender equality, and many international organizations that aim to promote gender equality have adopted measures on ICT expansion in the process of promoting gender equality. Since the 1990s, ICT has been introduced almost globally, and the lack of access to ICT has improved even in the more disadvantaged regions. The existing literatures have answered positively to the question of whether ICT has contributed to the development of gender equality, but no studies have been conducted to determine whether ICT development has had a different impact on the promotion of gender equality in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries, and middle- and low- income countries are at different stages of development. If it is true that development of gender equality in middle- and low-income countries has been deeply influenced by ICT development, it can be assumed that the continued promotion of ICT development is effective in reducing gender gap in these countries. Therefore, in this paper, GDI (Gender Development Index), HDI (Human Development Index), GGGI (Global Gender Gap Index), investment in ICT with private participation (current US$), mobile cellular subscriptions, individuals using the Internet (% of population), and fixed broadband subscriptions were used to explore whether the development of ICT since the 1990s has had a differential impact on the development of gender equality in the United States, Norway, Mexico, China, Mali, and Yemen. The final result showed that the contribution of ICT development to gender equality since the 1990s is more significant in middle- and low-income countries, and the positive correlation between ICT development and gender equality is more pronounced in middle- and low-income countries.

Keywords:

gender equality, gender gap, human development, information and communication technology, information diffusion

Ye,Y.;Feng,X.;Li,S. (2023). How ICT Development Since the 1990s Has Contributed Differently to Gender Equality in High-income, Middle-income and Low-income Countries. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,11,293-310.
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References

[1]. World Economic Forum, (2022). Global Gender Gap Report 2006-2022. https://www.weforum.org/search?query=global+gender+gap+report

[2]. Gu, H. (2013) ICT, Gender Equality and Education in Rural China——The Empirical Evidence from CHNS Data. POPULATION & DEVELOPMENT, 19: 47-56.

[3]. Gurumurthy, A., (2004). Gender and ICTs: Overview Report. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297737202_Gender_and_ICTs_Overview_Report

[4]. Marcelle, G.M., (2000). Transforming Information & Communications Technologies for Gender Equality.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237447040_Transforming_Information_Communications_Technologies_for_Gender_Equality

[5]. Sicat, M., Xu, A., Mehetaj, E., Ferrantino, M., Chemutai, V. (2020). Leveraging ICT Technologies in Closing the Gender Gap. Leveraging ICT Technologies in Closing the Gender Gap (worldbank.org)

[6]. UNCTAD, (2017). INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2017. DIGITALIZATION, TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ier2017_overview_en.pdf

[7]. GSM Association, (2018). Connected women - The mobile gender gap report. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wpcontent/uploads/2018/04/GSMA_The_Mobile_Gender_Gap_Report_2018_32pp_WEBv7.pd

[8]. Malmstrom, M., Wincent, J., (2018). The digitization of banks disproportionately hurts women entrepreneurs.https://hbr.org/2018/09/research-the-digitization-of-banks-disproportionately-hurts-women-entrepreneurs

[9]. Akerman, A., Gaarder, I., Mogstad, M. (2015) The skill complementarity of broadband internet. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130: 1781-1824.

[10]. Siddiq, F., Scherer, R. (2019) Is there a gender gap? A meta-analysis of the gender differences in students’ ICT literacy. Educational research review, 27: 205-217.

[11]. Voyer, D., Voyer, S. D. (2014) Gender differences in scholastic achievement: a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 140(4): 1174.

[12]. Aesaert, K., Van Braak, J. (2015) Gender and socioeconomic related differences in performance based ICT competences. Computers & Education, 84: 8-25.

[13]. Wang, W. Jian, X. Zhang, C.(2022) The Gender Equality Paradox: Global Digital Gender Divide and Its Cultural Explanations—A Cross Country (Region) Analysis Based on PIS2018. Studies in Foreign Education, 49: 19-35.

[14]. Genlott, A. Grönlund, Å. (2016) Closing the gaps-Improving literacy and mathematics by ict-enhanced collaboration. Computer & Education, 99: 68-80.

[15]. UNDP, (2021). Human Development Report. https://hdr.undp.org/gender-development-index#/indicies/GDI

[16]. The World Bank, (2022). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

[17]. The Global Initiative for Inclusive ICTs, (2020). Country Profile of Mali. https://g3ict.org/country-profile/mali

[18]. International Telecommunication Union, (2022). DataHub of Mali. https://datahub.itu.int/data/?e=MLI&c=&i=

[19]. Dumas, J.H.A., (2002). ICT AND GENDER EQUALITY POLICY: LESSONS OF THE MALI TELECENTRES. https://www.proquest.com/openview/3928ee35654f31071fd806d64a246af2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

[20]. Taufiq Hali Ghilam Al-madhagy, (2013). ICT Policy in Yemen. https://www.slideshare.net/taufiqghilan/ict-policy-yemen

[21]. Mareai, B., (2018). REALITY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323586322_REALITY_OF_INFORMATION_AND_COMMUNICATION_TECHNOLOGY_IN_THE_REPUBLIC_OF_YEMEN

[22]. The Global Initiative for Inclusive ICTs, (2020). Country Profile of The Republic of Yemen. https://g3ict.org/country-profile/yemen-republic-of

[23]. International Telecommunication Union, (2022). DataHub of Yemen. https://datahub.itu.int/data/?e=YEM&c=

[24]. International Chamber of Commerce, (2017). 3 Reasons Why ICT Matters for Gender Equality. https://iccwbo.org/media-wall/news-speeches/3-reasons-ict-matters-gender-equality/

Cite this article

Ye,Y.;Feng,X.;Li,S. (2023). How ICT Development Since the 1990s Has Contributed Differently to Gender Equality in High-income, Middle-income and Low-income Countries. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,11,293-310.

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Volume title: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Educational Innovation and Philosophical Inquiries

ISBN：978-1-83558-047-9(Print) / 978-1-83558-048-6(Online)
Editor：Enrique Mallen, Javier Cifuentes-Faura
Conference website: https://www.iceipi.org/
Conference date: 7 August 2023
Series: Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
Volume number: Vol.11
ISSN：2753-7048(Print) / 2753-7056(Online)

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References

[1]. World Economic Forum, (2022). Global Gender Gap Report 2006-2022. https://www.weforum.org/search?query=global+gender+gap+report

[2]. Gu, H. (2013) ICT, Gender Equality and Education in Rural China——The Empirical Evidence from CHNS Data. POPULATION & DEVELOPMENT, 19: 47-56.

[3]. Gurumurthy, A., (2004). Gender and ICTs: Overview Report. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297737202_Gender_and_ICTs_Overview_Report

[4]. Marcelle, G.M., (2000). Transforming Information & Communications Technologies for Gender Equality.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237447040_Transforming_Information_Communications_Technologies_for_Gender_Equality

[5]. Sicat, M., Xu, A., Mehetaj, E., Ferrantino, M., Chemutai, V. (2020). Leveraging ICT Technologies in Closing the Gender Gap. Leveraging ICT Technologies in Closing the Gender Gap (worldbank.org)

[6]. UNCTAD, (2017). INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2017. DIGITALIZATION, TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ier2017_overview_en.pdf

[7]. GSM Association, (2018). Connected women - The mobile gender gap report. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wpcontent/uploads/2018/04/GSMA_The_Mobile_Gender_Gap_Report_2018_32pp_WEBv7.pd

[8]. Malmstrom, M., Wincent, J., (2018). The digitization of banks disproportionately hurts women entrepreneurs.https://hbr.org/2018/09/research-the-digitization-of-banks-disproportionately-hurts-women-entrepreneurs

[9]. Akerman, A., Gaarder, I., Mogstad, M. (2015) The skill complementarity of broadband internet. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130: 1781-1824.

[10]. Siddiq, F., Scherer, R. (2019) Is there a gender gap? A meta-analysis of the gender differences in students’ ICT literacy. Educational research review, 27: 205-217.

[11]. Voyer, D., Voyer, S. D. (2014) Gender differences in scholastic achievement: a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 140(4): 1174.

[12]. Aesaert, K., Van Braak, J. (2015) Gender and socioeconomic related differences in performance based ICT competences. Computers & Education, 84: 8-25.

[13]. Wang, W. Jian, X. Zhang, C.(2022) The Gender Equality Paradox: Global Digital Gender Divide and Its Cultural Explanations—A Cross Country (Region) Analysis Based on PIS2018. Studies in Foreign Education, 49: 19-35.

[14]. Genlott, A. Grönlund, Å. (2016) Closing the gaps-Improving literacy and mathematics by ict-enhanced collaboration. Computer & Education, 99: 68-80.

[15]. UNDP, (2021). Human Development Report. https://hdr.undp.org/gender-development-index#/indicies/GDI

[16]. The World Bank, (2022). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

[17]. The Global Initiative for Inclusive ICTs, (2020). Country Profile of Mali. https://g3ict.org/country-profile/mali

[18]. International Telecommunication Union, (2022). DataHub of Mali. https://datahub.itu.int/data/?e=MLI&c=&i=

[19]. Dumas, J.H.A., (2002). ICT AND GENDER EQUALITY POLICY: LESSONS OF THE MALI TELECENTRES. https://www.proquest.com/openview/3928ee35654f31071fd806d64a246af2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

[20]. Taufiq Hali Ghilam Al-madhagy, (2013). ICT Policy in Yemen. https://www.slideshare.net/taufiqghilan/ict-policy-yemen

[21]. Mareai, B., (2018). REALITY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323586322_REALITY_OF_INFORMATION_AND_COMMUNICATION_TECHNOLOGY_IN_THE_REPUBLIC_OF_YEMEN

[22]. The Global Initiative for Inclusive ICTs, (2020). Country Profile of The Republic of Yemen. https://g3ict.org/country-profile/yemen-republic-of

[23]. International Telecommunication Union, (2022). DataHub of Yemen. https://datahub.itu.int/data/?e=YEM&c=

[24]. International Chamber of Commerce, (2017). 3 Reasons Why ICT Matters for Gender Equality. https://iccwbo.org/media-wall/news-speeches/3-reasons-ict-matters-gender-equality/

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