References
[1]. Gu, M. The Gaokao: History, Reform, and Rising International Significance of China’s National College Entrance Examination, https://wenr.wes.org/2016/05/the-gaokao-history-reform-and-international-significance-of-chinas-national-college-entrance-examination, 2016
[2]. The China Project. https://thechinaproject.com/2019/08/14/education-in-china-how-the-gaokao-exam-shapes-chinese-students-lives-and-futures/, 2019
[3]. Krauze, T., Slomczynski, K. M. How Far to Meritocracy? Empirical Tests of a Controversial Thesis. Social Forces, 1985, 623-642.
[4]. Young, M. D. The Rise of the Meritocracy. London: Thomas and Hudson, 1958.
[5]. Woodside, A. Lost Modernities: China, Vietnam, Korea, and the Hazards of World History. Cambridge: The Harvard Press, 2006.
[6]. Elman, B. Civil Examinations and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013.
[7]. Têng, S.-y. Chinese Influence on the Western Examination System: I. Introduction. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 1943, 267-312.
[8]. Goldthorpe, J. H.& Jackson, M. Intergenerational class mobility in contemporary Britain: political concerns and empirical findings. The British Journal of Sociology, 2007, 525-546.
[9]. Spence, J. The Reith Lectures. Retrieved from BBC Radio: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00bvz8s, 2008, June 7.
[10]. Howlett, Z. A Fateful Rite of Passage: The Gaokao and the Myth of Meritocracy. In Z. Howlett, Meritocracy and Its Discontents: Anxiety and the National College Entrance Exam in China. Cornell University Press, 2021, 1-40.
[11]. Liu, H. & Wu, Q. Consequences of college entrance exams in China and the reform challenges. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 2006, Vol. 3 Issue 1, 7-21.
[12]. Bourdieu, P. The Forms of Capital, 1986.
[13]. Liu, Y., & Fang, Y. Basic education reform in China: globalization with Chinese characteristics. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 2009, 407-412.
[14]. Wang, D. The Clash of Cultures in Rural Classrooms. In D. Wang, The Demoralization of Teachers: Crisis in a Rural School. Lexington Books, 2013.
[15]. Liu, Q.& Yang, Y. Online classes exacerbate China’s rural-urban education gap, https://www.ft.com/content/18455abf-d683-48f1-a6ed-b97bf3fc162e, 2020.
[16]. Pak, J. Is China’s multibillion-dollar tutoring industry coming to an end? Retrieved from MarketPlace: https://www.marketplace.org/2021/08/16/is-chinas-multibillion-dollar-tutoring-industry-coming-to-an-end/, 2021, August 16.
[17]. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Households' Income and Consumption Expenditure in the First Half Year of 2021. Retrieved from http://www.stats.gov.cn/enGliSH/PressRelease/202107/t20210716_1819567.html, 2021, July 6.
[18]. Liu, Y. Meritocracy and the Gaokao: a survey study of higher education selection and socio-economic participation in East China. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 2013, 868-887.
[19]. Xin, X. My Future, My Family, My Freedom: Meanings of Schooling for Poor, Rural Chinese Youth. Harvard Educational Reviews, 2018, 81-136.
Cite this article
Hu,B. (2023). Gaokao: A Fate-changing Contest or the Myth of Meritocracy. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,12,209-214.
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References
[1]. Gu, M. The Gaokao: History, Reform, and Rising International Significance of China’s National College Entrance Examination, https://wenr.wes.org/2016/05/the-gaokao-history-reform-and-international-significance-of-chinas-national-college-entrance-examination, 2016
[2]. The China Project. https://thechinaproject.com/2019/08/14/education-in-china-how-the-gaokao-exam-shapes-chinese-students-lives-and-futures/, 2019
[3]. Krauze, T., Slomczynski, K. M. How Far to Meritocracy? Empirical Tests of a Controversial Thesis. Social Forces, 1985, 623-642.
[4]. Young, M. D. The Rise of the Meritocracy. London: Thomas and Hudson, 1958.
[5]. Woodside, A. Lost Modernities: China, Vietnam, Korea, and the Hazards of World History. Cambridge: The Harvard Press, 2006.
[6]. Elman, B. Civil Examinations and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013.
[7]. Têng, S.-y. Chinese Influence on the Western Examination System: I. Introduction. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 1943, 267-312.
[8]. Goldthorpe, J. H.& Jackson, M. Intergenerational class mobility in contemporary Britain: political concerns and empirical findings. The British Journal of Sociology, 2007, 525-546.
[9]. Spence, J. The Reith Lectures. Retrieved from BBC Radio: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00bvz8s, 2008, June 7.
[10]. Howlett, Z. A Fateful Rite of Passage: The Gaokao and the Myth of Meritocracy. In Z. Howlett, Meritocracy and Its Discontents: Anxiety and the National College Entrance Exam in China. Cornell University Press, 2021, 1-40.
[11]. Liu, H. & Wu, Q. Consequences of college entrance exams in China and the reform challenges. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 2006, Vol. 3 Issue 1, 7-21.
[12]. Bourdieu, P. The Forms of Capital, 1986.
[13]. Liu, Y., & Fang, Y. Basic education reform in China: globalization with Chinese characteristics. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 2009, 407-412.
[14]. Wang, D. The Clash of Cultures in Rural Classrooms. In D. Wang, The Demoralization of Teachers: Crisis in a Rural School. Lexington Books, 2013.
[15]. Liu, Q.& Yang, Y. Online classes exacerbate China’s rural-urban education gap, https://www.ft.com/content/18455abf-d683-48f1-a6ed-b97bf3fc162e, 2020.
[16]. Pak, J. Is China’s multibillion-dollar tutoring industry coming to an end? Retrieved from MarketPlace: https://www.marketplace.org/2021/08/16/is-chinas-multibillion-dollar-tutoring-industry-coming-to-an-end/, 2021, August 16.
[17]. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Households' Income and Consumption Expenditure in the First Half Year of 2021. Retrieved from http://www.stats.gov.cn/enGliSH/PressRelease/202107/t20210716_1819567.html, 2021, July 6.
[18]. Liu, Y. Meritocracy and the Gaokao: a survey study of higher education selection and socio-economic participation in East China. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 2013, 868-887.
[19]. Xin, X. My Future, My Family, My Freedom: Meanings of Schooling for Poor, Rural Chinese Youth. Harvard Educational Reviews, 2018, 81-136.