An Overview of Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Etiology Treatment

Research Article
Open access

An Overview of Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Etiology Treatment

Ziao Wang 1*
  • 1 University of Washington    
  • *corresponding author zw263@uw.edu
Published on 26 October 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/13/20230847
LNEP Vol.13
ISSN (Print): 2753-7056
ISSN (Online): 2753-7048
ISBN (Print): 978-1-83558-051-6
ISBN (Online): 978-1-83558-052-3

Abstract

The article summarizes and analyzes some of the previous studies on schizotypal personality disorder to explain the etiology, genetic aspect such as Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT which is situated on chromosome 22q11) and calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (CACNA1C rs1006737); environmental aspect such as risky factors affecting an unnormal brain development like and psychological trauma, and chronic stress, and the treatment (Metacognitive treatment; Rumination‑Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Medication treatment) of schizotypal personality disorder are also discussed. Both methods, Metacognitive treatment, and Rumination‑Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, in their respective cases, improved symptoms in schizotypal personality disorder patients. However, although research on medication treatment shows that although some medicines, like Risperidone and Haloperidol, can also improve schizotypal personality disorder symptoms, they are also accompanied by the side effects. Moreover, the analysis shows that the present research on managing schizotypal personality disorder encounters issues such as insufficient sample size and absence of repeated experiments. These results of prior studies still need further verification before they can be used in practice.

Keywords:

schizotypal personality disorder, etiology, metacognitive treatment, rumination‑focused cognitive behavioral therapy, medication treatment

Wang,Z. (2023). An Overview of Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Etiology Treatment. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,13,39-45.
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References

[1]. Skodol, A., Oldham, J., Bell, C., Alarcon, R., Krueger, R., Livesley, J., Verheul, R., Siever, L., Morey, L., Clark, L. A., & Bender, D. (2013). Personality and Personality Disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (pp. 657-658). essay, American Psychiatric Association.

[2]. Sher, L. (2021, July 8). Schizotypal personality disorder and suicide: Problems and perspectives: Acta Neuropsychiatrica. Cambridge Core.

[3]. Rosell, D. R., Futterman, S. E., McMaster, A., & Siever, L. J. (2014, July). Schizotypal personality disorder: A current review. Current psychiatry reports.

[4]. Battaglia, M., Bernardeschi, L., Franchini, L., Bellodi, L., & Smeraldi, E. (1995, January 1). A Family Study of Schizotypal Disorder. Academic.oup.com.

[5]. Avramopoulos, D., Stefanis, N. C., Hantoumi, I., Smyrnis, N., Evdokimidis, I., & Stefanis, C. N. (2002, August 23). Higher scores of self-reported schizotypy in healthy young males carrying the COMT high activity allele. Nature News.

[6]. Roussos, P., Bitsios, P., Giakoumaki, S. G., McClure, M. M., Hazlett, E. A., New, A. S., & Siever, L. J. (2013, March 30). Cacna1c as a risk factor for schizotypal personality disorder and schizotypy in healthy individuals. Psychiatry research.

[7]. Machón, R. A., Huttunen, M. O., Mednick, S. A., Sinivuo, J., Tanskanen, A., Watson, J. B., Henriksson, M., & Pyhälä, R. (2001, November 27). Adult schizotypal personality characteristics and prenatal influenza in a Finnish birth cohort. Schizophrenia Research.

[8]. Fung, A. L.-chu, & Raine, A. (2012). Peer victimization as a risk factor for schizotypal personality in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(3), 428-434.

[9]. Peskin, M., Raine, A., Gao, Y., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (2011, October 21). A developmental increase in allostatic load from ages 3 to 11 years is associated with increased schizotypal personality at age 23 years. Cambridge Core.

[10]. Cheli, S. (2020). Assessment and treatment planning for schizotypal personality disorder: A metacognitively oriented point of view. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 43(4), 335-343.

[11]. Cheli, S., Lysaker, P. H., & Dimaggio, G. (2019). Metacognitively oriented psychotherapy for schizotypal personality disorder: A two-case series. Personality and Mental Health, 13(3), 155-167.

[12]. Moeller, S. B., Kvist, V., Jansen, J. E., & Watkins, E. R. (2021, April 8). Clinical case of a schizotypal personality disorder: Rumination-focused CBT for anger rumination - journal of contemporary psychotherapy. SpringerLink.

[13]. Kumar, A., Pinjarkar, R., Anand, N., Manjula, M., & Math, S. B. (2008). Aripiprazole in schizotypal personality disorder: A case report. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[14]. McClure, M. M., Koenigsberg, H. W., Reynolds, D., Goodman, M., New, A., Trestman, R., Silverman, J., Harvey, P. D., & Siever, L. J. (2009, August). The effects of risperidone on the cognitive performance of individuals with schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.

[15]. Hymowitz, P., Frances, A., Jacobsberg, L. B., Sickles, M., & Hoyt, R. (2004, April 6). Neuroleptic treatment of schizotypal personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry.

[16]. Keshavan, M., Shad, M., Soloff, P., & Schooler, N. (2004, March 2). Efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research.

Cite this article

Wang,Z. (2023). An Overview of Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Etiology Treatment. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,13,39-45.

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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Educational Innovation and Philosophical Inquiries

ISBN：978-1-83558-051-6(Print) / 978-1-83558-052-3(Online)
Editor：Javier Cifuentes-Faura, Enrique Mallen
Conference website: https://www.iceipi.org/
Conference date: 7 August 2023
Series: Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
Volume number: Vol.13
ISSN：2753-7048(Print) / 2753-7056(Online)

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References

[1]. Skodol, A., Oldham, J., Bell, C., Alarcon, R., Krueger, R., Livesley, J., Verheul, R., Siever, L., Morey, L., Clark, L. A., & Bender, D. (2013). Personality and Personality Disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (pp. 657-658). essay, American Psychiatric Association.

[2]. Sher, L. (2021, July 8). Schizotypal personality disorder and suicide: Problems and perspectives: Acta Neuropsychiatrica. Cambridge Core.

[3]. Rosell, D. R., Futterman, S. E., McMaster, A., & Siever, L. J. (2014, July). Schizotypal personality disorder: A current review. Current psychiatry reports.

[4]. Battaglia, M., Bernardeschi, L., Franchini, L., Bellodi, L., & Smeraldi, E. (1995, January 1). A Family Study of Schizotypal Disorder. Academic.oup.com.

[5]. Avramopoulos, D., Stefanis, N. C., Hantoumi, I., Smyrnis, N., Evdokimidis, I., & Stefanis, C. N. (2002, August 23). Higher scores of self-reported schizotypy in healthy young males carrying the COMT high activity allele. Nature News.

[6]. Roussos, P., Bitsios, P., Giakoumaki, S. G., McClure, M. M., Hazlett, E. A., New, A. S., & Siever, L. J. (2013, March 30). Cacna1c as a risk factor for schizotypal personality disorder and schizotypy in healthy individuals. Psychiatry research.

[7]. Machón, R. A., Huttunen, M. O., Mednick, S. A., Sinivuo, J., Tanskanen, A., Watson, J. B., Henriksson, M., & Pyhälä, R. (2001, November 27). Adult schizotypal personality characteristics and prenatal influenza in a Finnish birth cohort. Schizophrenia Research.

[8]. Fung, A. L.-chu, & Raine, A. (2012). Peer victimization as a risk factor for schizotypal personality in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(3), 428-434.

[9]. Peskin, M., Raine, A., Gao, Y., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (2011, October 21). A developmental increase in allostatic load from ages 3 to 11 years is associated with increased schizotypal personality at age 23 years. Cambridge Core.

[10]. Cheli, S. (2020). Assessment and treatment planning for schizotypal personality disorder: A metacognitively oriented point of view. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 43(4), 335-343.

[11]. Cheli, S., Lysaker, P. H., & Dimaggio, G. (2019). Metacognitively oriented psychotherapy for schizotypal personality disorder: A two-case series. Personality and Mental Health, 13(3), 155-167.

[12]. Moeller, S. B., Kvist, V., Jansen, J. E., & Watkins, E. R. (2021, April 8). Clinical case of a schizotypal personality disorder: Rumination-focused CBT for anger rumination - journal of contemporary psychotherapy. SpringerLink.

[13]. Kumar, A., Pinjarkar, R., Anand, N., Manjula, M., & Math, S. B. (2008). Aripiprazole in schizotypal personality disorder: A case report. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[14]. McClure, M. M., Koenigsberg, H. W., Reynolds, D., Goodman, M., New, A., Trestman, R., Silverman, J., Harvey, P. D., & Siever, L. J. (2009, August). The effects of risperidone on the cognitive performance of individuals with schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.

[15]. Hymowitz, P., Frances, A., Jacobsberg, L. B., Sickles, M., & Hoyt, R. (2004, April 6). Neuroleptic treatment of schizotypal personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry.

[16]. Keshavan, M., Shad, M., Soloff, P., & Schooler, N. (2004, March 2). Efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research.

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