Volume 88

In the United States, the poor often consume unhealthy food due to its low cost, leading to health issues and a vicious cycle of poverty. In contrast, healthy food is more affordable in China, mitigating this particular issue. The paper discusses the formation reasons behind these phenomena and proposes policy recommendations for both governments to address social inequality. This paper also presents a comparative analysis of social stratification in China and the United States, with a particular focus on education and healthcare. It highlights the uneven distribution of quality education resources in both countries, where students from wealthier families have greater access to prestigious universities. For China, it suggests loosening restrictions on tutoring institutions while ensuring their legality and validity, and establishing more schools in less developed areas. For the United States, it advocates for more government subsidies for poor students, funding for all types of colleges and universities, food subsidies directed towards healthy foods, and regulation of hospital and healthcare industry charging practices. The findings contribute to the broader understanding of social inequality in both countries and provide a foundation for further exploration in this area.

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Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization is an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, with significant theoretical and practical value. This thought encompasses four basic connotations: the scientific view of nature, the green view of development, the fundamental view of people's livelihood, and the view of ecological system governance. It has practical significance for China's sustainable development, global ecological governance, and the advancement of human civilization. The five practical paths of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization are: innovating the green development model, strengthening ecological protection and restoration, improving the institutional system, enhancing public awareness, and strengthening international cooperation and exchanges

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With the rapid development of digital economy, commercial data has become the core element of enterprise competition, but its legal protection path has not yet formed a unified system.An in-depth exploration of the definition and characteristics of commercial data, analyzing the differences between it and public and corporate data, and highlighting the unique attributes of commercial data in terms of aggregation, value and dynamism are the basis for understanding its legal protection.On this basis, the existing legal protection paths are systematically sorted out, covering the paradigm of empowering legislation, anti-unfair competition law and intellectual property protection, etc. However, these paths still face many limitations in practical application, such as the tendency of pan-interventionism, the difficulty of identifying competitive relationships and the ambiguity of business ethics standards.The existence of these problems highlights the need to optimize the path of legal protection of commercial data, for which it is proposed to build a multi-level, synergistic and comprehensive protection system, optimize the application of the anti-unfair competition law, and create a dual security protection system for secret and public data through legislation. At the same time, the proposal to construct a special article on commercial data can better promote data sharing and the development of artificial intelligence.

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The national security exception in WTO jurisprudence, under Article 21 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), permits members to invoke trade restrictions in the name of security. However, the blanket and vague nature of this clause has raised suspicions that it would be invoked protectionist in its application. This paper reflects on how the national security exception is interacting with the World Trade Organization (WTO) market access principles and how their application has had economic and legal impacts. This study analyzes the important cases of US-Steel and Aluminum Tariffs to quantify the way that the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) has approached these. The study concludes that the exception has been relied on more and more, often in a way that is not transparent in criteria, and the risk of abuse. This paper concludes that there should be clearer rules of law, more transparency, and stronger multilateral consultations to prevent abuse and protect the stability of the world trading system. There are suggested reforms to balance national security concerns and the demand for open, rules-based trade.

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After the subprime crisis, China's shadow banking industry has expanded rapidly, becoming an important financing channel outside the traditional banking system. However, because it is not subject to the conventional regulatory framework, shadow banking has increased systemic financial risks while raising financial leverage.Inadequate regulation of shadow banking could lead to systemic financial risks in the financial system and jeopardize economic stability. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of shadow banking and its impact on monetary policy. Meanwhile, this paper further elaborates on the importance of macro and macroprudential regulation, and at the same time proposes some solutions to further emphasize the importance of macro and macroprudential regulation, and suggests that regulators should strengthen the regulation of shadow banks activities, such as shadow banking, no longer jeopardize the financial system. Then, this study also suggests that the regulator should provide awareness of the risk of shadow banking for the borrowers or investors, especially trying to avoid those borrowers who are not able to repay the loan joining shadow banking institutions. When the risk of shadow banking system accumulates into a crisis, the regulator needs to respond in the first instance and identify timely contingency measures for that crisis. This will minimize the risk of shadow banking and increase the probability of China’s prevention of systemic financial risks.

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“The offence of scalping train and ship tickets" in China's criminal law has effectively regulated the act of scalping tickets. However, with the development of the times, the type of scalping has also change, triggering the academic community to discuss about the necessity of the existence of the offence of scalping train and ship tickets. This paper takes the necessity of the offence of scalping train and ship tickets as the research object, adopts case analysis, historical analysis and other methods, combines the background of real-name system and the development of network ticketing technology. It argues that, although the form of scalping is becoming newer, it still infringes on the "travelers' right to free ticketing options" and "passenger's right to fair ticketing" and undermines the fairness of public resource allocation. The article refutes the theory of "civil agency" and "non-circulation", and emphasizes that the public welfare nature of train tickets requires criminal law protection. Finally, it suggests limiting the extension of "ticket" to train tickets, refining the incrimination amount standard, distinguishing between labour service type and opportunity monopoly type substitute purchases, and strictly regulating the ticket snatching software, so as to achieve the unity of precisely combating the crime and safeguarding the rights and interests of the citizens.

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With the trend of economic globalization becoming more and more obvious, many enterprises nowadays adopt different ways to expand the scope of their business operations. Among them, investment, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) of enterprises in other countries are the most significant. Foreign mergers and acquisitions, investment in the host country to bring a positive impact on the stimulation of domestic industry, but if not controlled may endanger national security, in this case, different countries have adopted different ways of foreign business review. And China as a rapidly developing economy in recent years, his foreign investment system is worth studying, but there are still some defects. After analyzing the system of each country, we can make an outlook on the global economic development.

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The Middle East, owing to its strategic location at the intersection of Asia, Europe, and Africa, and its huge oil reserves, plays a significant role in global economic frameworks. This paper analyzes the impact of regional wars and crises on the hegemony of the US dollar and capital flows in the United States. It employs theories of petrodollar recycling and Military Keynesianism to examine American interests in recent Middle Eastern conflicts and the impact of military expansion on the petrodollar system. This article utilizes data on arms transactions and oil trades amid Middle Eastern wars, primarily sourced from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, to investigate the relationship between arms and oil trading by extrapolating trends and patterns. The results indicate that the instability in the Middle East promotes the petrodollar circulation, gives the US chances to consolidate US dollars as a primary currency and could lead to a large number of US dollars backflowing to the American economy.

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This study is based on data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) and government educational investment,this research discusses the impact of the policy of expanding college enrollment on the inter generational mobility of children from poor families in underdeveloped areas. Some researches has found that since the restoration of the college entrance examination system in 1978,it has indeed provided a channel for upward mobility for some children from low-income families.However, with the implementation of the policy of expanding college enrollment in 1999, the number of people with higher education has increased dramatically,which has led to the phenomenon of "depreciation of academic qualifications" in the job market, and caused social problems such as "difficulty in finding employment" and “fever in taking civil service of exams”. Although the policy of expanding college enrollment has promoted the absolute inter generational mobility of children from low-income families to a certain extent economically underdeveloped regions such as the western region in China. But the relative inter generational mobility effect is limited, and the beneficiary group is still a minority. After further research, found that factors such as uneven allocation of educational resources, differences in family backgrounds, and unbalanced regional development have significantly restricted the full implementation of policy effects. Therefore,these findings provide empirical basis for optimizing education policies and promoting educational equity.

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The obligations imposed on States Parties under the Rome Statute are directed towards ensuring the International Criminal Court (ICC) exercises its criminal jurisdiction over the most serious crimes. However, in practice, the conflict between the practice of ICC and state sovereignty is still a controversial issue, often considered as a factor in international politics. This paper analyzes the Jordan appeal in the Bashir transfer case, examining its background, legal disputes, and the positions of various parties to probe into the intricate connection between international criminal justice and state sovereignty. Through a study of relevant literature, this research reveals that the handling of this case highlights issues such as inconsistent application of laws and difficulties in balancing the court's authority and state sovereignty within the international criminal justice system. This research provides valuable insights for improving the international criminal justice system and offers suggestions for better handling of similar cases in the future.

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