1. Introduction
A blockchain is a shall be designed and constructed of encrypted data that is linked together in the form of blocks. Each block contains a timestamp, a cryptographic hash of the block before it, and information about the transactions (typically represented as a Merkle tree). The hash of the block can be accessed because the timestamp verifies that the transaction data was there when the block was published. Blocks create a chain because each one has information about the one before it, therefore each new block reinforces the ones that came before it. Block chains are therefore resistant to content changes since, once logged, the data or information in any given block cannot be modified retroactively without impacting all preceding blocks. Numerous agencies and other groups want to use the block chain generation's transparency and fault tolerance while it succeeds and displays its potential in numerous crypto currencies help resolve issues when numerous untrustworthy individuals are involved in the distribution of a few resources. Agriculture and food delivery chains are two major and surprisingly applicable areas. Agriculture and meal delivery chains are inextricably intertwined because agricultural products are almost always employed as inputs in a few multi-actor dispensed delivery systems, where the consumer is typically the very last client. In order to function as a publicly distributed ledger, block chains are frequently administered by peer-to-peer groups, with nodes adhering to a protocol to communicate and test new blocks. Although blockchain information isn't unchangeable since forks are conceivable. In Supply Chain, Businesses are getting their harvests directly from growers or through aggregators rather than through numerous tiers of collectors. This trend is being driven by worries about crop quality and safety environmental sustainability, and increased crop yield.
In a Food chain, Farmers, transportation companies, retailers and wholesalers, distributors, and greengrocers are among a handful of the fascinating individuals involved in the worldwide food chain.
While a blockchain period achieves success and demonstrates its capability in a variety of cryptocurrencies, different organizations and organizations around the world seek to use its transparency and fault tolerance to solve problems in situations in which several untrusted actors are engaged in the distribution of some useful resource. As agricultural products are typically implemented as inputs in a few multi-actor distributed supply chains and frequently serve as the ultimate client, food and agriculture supply networks are closely entwined. The blockchain era might be applied to a variety of jobs to address current problems in the rural distribution chain. To become aware of appropriate assignments, a keyword-based internet search was conducted.
2. Related works
It has become a serious issue for producers, academics, governments, consumers, and other stakeholders because to the steady increase in meal fraud, which has resulted in significant financial losses and weakened consumer trust. To identify provenance and identify assets of infection throughout the global meal delivery chain, it is critical to track and authenticate the meal's distribution chain. The use of blockchain technology to store data from chemical analysis in chronological sequence so that they can't be governed afterwards is one way to address traceability issues and ensure transparency. This evaluation looks at the blockchain era's potential to guarantee authenticity and traceability along the food supply chain. Consideration may be given to it.
2.1. RFID privacy issues and technical challenges
In the destiny ubiquitous-computing environment, RFID tags may be connected to all sorts of merchandise and different bodily gadgets, even to humans, and will grow to be an essential era for ubiquitous offerings wherein the tags are used to perceive matters and those automatically. However, notwithstanding this promise, the viable abuse (or simply immoderate use) with the aid of using outlets and authorities groups of RFID’s monitoring functionality increases questions on capability violations of private privateness. Here, we speak about protest campaigns—one towards clothing producer Benetton in Italy, the alternative towards Tesco withinside the U.K.—that replicate the developing subject amongst consumer-privateness advocates concerning how RFID may affect non-public information. Buyers Oppose Privacy Invasion and Supermarket Numbering By jamming waves to interfere with a tag's ID, blocking electric waves with aluminium foil, or in any other way prohibiting unauthorised access, the normal protocol provides privacy protection. reading of the input from the tag being examined with the aid of using an adversary’s unauthenticated reader.
2.2. InterPlanetary file system (IPFS) technology
This article proposed a storage scheme that combines blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) technology for tracking agricultural products. The scheme provides a secure and efficient method for tracking and tracing agricultural products throughout the supply chain, helping to address issues of food safety and fraud. The authors discuss the implementation of the scheme, including the use of cryptographic algorithms and consensus mechanisms to protect sensitive data and ensure the integrity of the blockchain network. They conclude that the scheme has the potential to create a more transparent and efficient global supply chain.
2.3. Blockchain-based traceability system
The article presents a practical implementation of a blockchain-based traceability system for agri-food supply chain management. The authors discuss the challenges of ensuring transparency and trust in the supply chain, and propose a blockchain-based solution that provides a secure and immutable record of the entire supply chain process. The system was tested in a case study of the Italian olive oil supply chain, and the authors report positive results in terms of traceability and transparency. They conclude that the system has the potential to improve supply chain efficiency and reduce fraud in the agri-food industry
2.4. Food safety based on HACCP
The article proposes a supply chain traceability system for food safety based on HACCP, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT). The author explains how the combination of these technologies can improve food safety by providing real-time monitoring of the entire supply chain process. The system uses sensors to collect data from different stages of the supply chain, which is then recorded on a blockchain-based platform. This enables all stakeholders to track and verify the authenticity and safety of the food products. The author presents a case study of a pork supply chain in China to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system. The author concludes that the system has the potential to enhance food safety and consumer trust in the food industry.
2.5. Supply chain management based on blockchain technology
Information sharing for supply chain management based on blockchain technology" explores the potential of blockchain technology for improving supply chain management through secure and efficient information sharing. The study provides an overview of blockchain technology, including its advantages and challenges, and highlights various use cases for supply chain management. The author emphasizes the importance of data privacy and security in the supply chain and discusses the potential of blockchain technology to provide a secure and immutable record of transactions, reducing the risk of fraud and cyber attacks. Overall, the paper presents a compelling case for the potential of blockchain technology to revolutionize supply chain management.
3. Proposed system
We gift the cutting-edge kingdom of studies at the concern and summarize the advantages and the demanding situations of the dispensed business enterprise and control of delivering chains. We aim to evaluate the applicability of blockchains withinside the delivery chain area and to offer a basis for practitioners and researchers to direct their destiny tasks closer to enhancing the era and its applications The bulk of the proposed bitcoin frameworks have been proven most effective in a supply chain context. Although blockchain gives superior security, there are excessive dangers associated with lack of funds, simply due to the fact, the account proprietor would possibly have misplaced accidentally the personal keys to get the right of entry to and manipulate the account. Blockchain set of rules like, the Bitcoin SHA-256 HASH algorithm is a cryptographic hash feature that outputs a cost this is 256 bits long. Three homes make SHA-256 this steady. It is sort of not possible to reconstruct the preliminary facts from the hash cost. Second, having messages with identical hash costs (known as a collision) is extraordinarily unlikely. the probability of being identical is infinitesimally, unimaginably small. Finally, a minor extrude to the unique facts alters the hash cost a lot that it’s now no longer obvious the brand-new hash cost is derived from comparable facts that are called the avalanche effect. The individual personal keys can be generated. The manufacturer calls, blockchain with the vegetation call and the amount of the charge, and the unusual vicinity identity notification can be maintained with the steady hash feature and the internet fame may be shown.
3.1. Modules
3.1.1. Processing. The personal programming techniques with the blockchain, the buy crops, and the distributed meals with the security deposit at the blockchain might all be shown in the processing menu together with the blockchain deal. Removal of loud Data emphasized the significance of noise discount with the aid of using the use of iterative procedure the important thing technology could be particular for each processing step. They facilitate the software of the procedure version and shape the premise for tailoring. They encapsulate paintings products, sports, and roles. Process modules consequently comprise all of the additives required to generate described results. A statistics processing machine is a mixture of machines, people, and strategies that for a fixed of inputs produces a described set of outputs. The inputs and outputs are interpreted as statistics, facts, statistics, etc. relying on the interpreter's relation to the machine. A time period normally used synonymously with statistics or garage (codes) processing machine is a statistics machine. With regard in particular to digital statistics processing, the corresponding idea is called digital statistics processing machine.
3.1.2. Producer. In the manufacturer module, the personal key technology could take place with the personal key. withinside the deposit quantity on the blockchain tab, the blockchain deal with the identity notification, and the to-be-had quantity could be proven as the quantity may be deposited A huge variety of meals production-distribution-intake configurations may be characterized as quick meals delivery chain (SFSCs). Blockchain is appeared as the subsequent disruption withinside the generation international and is being studied in numerous applications, enterprise sectors, and strategies. This consists of the steady managing and storing of administrative facts and virtual authentication to bolster highbrow belongings rights and patent structures, in addition, to carrying transparency at some point of the delivery chain, lessening meals frauds, and beautifying meals safety.
3.1.3. Distribution. Under the distribution login, the block identity notification maybe picks out the processing blockchain deal with could be generated with the charge and the garage area identity notification may be delivered to switch the quantity. the meals call with the amount of the charge garage area identity notification all of the clever lock technology and add with the blockchain meals deliver chain disruptions that result from weather extrude and multiplied geopolitical opposition must additionally now no longer be taken into consideration black swans. Blockchain is a decentralized ledger wherein events can trade costs without an intermediary. The pillars of blockchain, Ahluwalia continued, are consensus, country consistency, nearly immediacy, and immutability—in different words, statistics do now no longer undergo an imperative supply and, as soon as entered, is speedy to be had to everybody at the chain however can't be altered.
3.1.4. Retailer. Under the store menu pick out block identity notification with the distribution blockchain deal with with the price and the garage area is With the upward push of instant, patron going through meals transport companies. The cutting-edge purchaser has to get entry to expect extra instant returns from meal delivery chains more than ever before. shops with agile, responsive delivery chains are those Baum sees as thriving in this new economic system of immediacy.
3.1.5. Provider. Crop seed call may be decided on with the paddy seed with corn seed the maze seed with the charge and the garage area identity notification may be decided. The cause is to offer the meal delivery chain management (FSCM) in phrases of structures and implementations so that observations and classes from this research.
4. Experimental result
The blockchain generation initiatives/projects are entirely based on the examples given in terms of the items and/or merchandise targeted. The last column offers suggestions for each use case's blockchain-generating goals. Meal traceability is related to corporate activities for financial reasons. Pilot studies were carried out on a wide range of different products or on the meal delivery system as a whole, as the table illustrates. Other research-focused studies examined the use of blockchain in combination with cutting-edge such as IoT, RFID, NFC, Passcodes, etc., with a focus on automating manufacturing and achieving more accuracy with less transparency.
5. Result comparisons and discussion
Blockchain is a promising era closer to an obvious delivery chain of meals, however many limitations and demanding situations nevertheless exist, which restrict its wider recognition amongst farmers and meal delivery systems. As a result, the bitcoin sha – 256 sets of rules prove it's far faster, correct, and much less probable traceable whilst in comparison with the preceding set of rules.
Figure 1. Result comparison.
6. Conclusion
Finally, bitcoin is a viable idea era closer to an obvious delivery chain of meals, however many limitations and demanding situations Despite this, factors that stop meal delivery systems and farmers from embracing it more widely do exist. The close to destiny will display if and the way those demanding situations may be addressed via way of means of governmental and personal efforts, which will set up the blockchain era as a secure, dependable, and obvious manner to make certain meals protection and integrity. It may be a very hobby to peer how blockchain might be blended with different rising technology closer to more transparency and traceability, and greater automation of food delivery operations. As a result, the bitcoin sha – 256 sets of rules prove it's far faster, correct, and much less probable traceable whilst in comparison with the preceding set of rules.
References
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[2]. Andoni M, Robu V, Flynn D, Abram S, Geach D, Jenkins D, McCallum P, and Peacock A, ‘‘Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities,’’ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 100, pp. 143–174, Feb. 2019.
[3]. Caro M P,Ali M S,Vecchio M, and Giaffreda R, ‘‘Blockchain-based traceability in agri-food supply chain management: A practical implementation,’’ in Proc. IoT Vertical Topical Summit Agricult.-Tuscany (IOT Tuscany), May 2018, pp. 1–4.
[4]. Chen Y, Li H, Li K, and Zhang J, ‘‘An improved P2P file system scheme based on IPFS and blockchain,’’ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Big Data (Big Data), Dec. 2017, pp. 2652–2657.
[5]. Hao J, Sun Y, and Luo H, ‘‘A safe and efficient storage scheme based on blockchain and IPFS for agricultural products tracking,’’ J. Comput., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 158–167, 2020.
[6]. Hasan H R and Salah K, ‘‘Blockchain-based proof of delivery of physical assets with single and multiple transporters,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 46781–46793, 2018.
[7]. Jøsang A, Ismail R, and Boyd C, ‘‘A survey of trust and reputation systems for online service provision,’’ Decis. Support Syst., vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 618–644, Mar. 2007.
[8]. D. Palanikkumar, Adel Fahad Alrasheedi, P. Parthasarathi, S.S. Askar, Mohamed Abouhawwash, Hybrid Smart Contracts for Securing IoMT Data, Computer Systems Science & Engineering, Vol. 44, No.1, pp. 457-469, 2023.
[9]. Lu Q and Xu X, ‘‘Adaptable blockchain-based systems: A case study for product traceability,’’ IEEE Softw., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 21–27, Nov. 2017.
[10]. Lu Y, ‘‘The blockchain: State-of-the-art and research challenges,’’ J. Ind. Inf. Integr., vol. 15, pp. 80–90, Sep. 2019.
[11]. Nakasumi M, ‘‘Information sharing for supply chain management based on blockchain technology,’’ in Proc. IEEE 19th Conf. Bus. Informat. (CBI), vol. 1, Jul. 2017, pp. 140–149.
[12]. Reyna A, Martín C, Chen J, Soler E, and Díaz M, ‘‘On blockchain and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities,’’ Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 88, pp. 173–190, Nov. 2018.
[13]. Salah K, Nizamuddin N, Jayaraman R, and Omar M, ‘‘Blockchain-based soybean traceability in the agricultural supply chain,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 73295–73305, 2019.
[14]. Schaub A, Bazin R, Hasan O, and Brunie L, ‘‘A trustless privacy-preserving reputation system,’’ in Proc. IFIP Int. Conf. ICT Syst. Secure. Privacy Protection. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2016, pp. 398–411.
[15]. Tian F, ‘‘A supply chain traceability system for food safety based on HACCP, Blockchain& Internet of Things,’’ in Proc. Int. Conf. Service Syst. Service Manage., 2017, pp. 1–6.
[16]. Parthasarathi, P., Shankar, S., (April 2021), “Weighted Ternary Tree Application for Secure Group Communication among Mobile Applications” Published in Wireless Personal Communication, Springer, Vol. 117, No.4, Pages 2809-2829, 2021.
[17]. Yang Z, Zheng K, Yang K, and Leung V C M, ‘‘A blockchain-based reputation system for data credibility assessment in vehicular networks,’’ in Proc. IEEE 28th Annu. Int. Symp. Pers., Indoor, Mobile Radio Commun. (PIMRC), Oct. 2017, pp. 1–5.
Cite this article
M.E.,M.J.;C.,N.K.K.;M.,M.A.;M.,M.R. (2023). Secure Information Sharing for the Supply Chain Using Blockchain Technology. Applied and Computational Engineering,8,789-794.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
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References
[1]. AlTawy R, Sheikh M EL, Youssef A M, and Gong G, ‘‘Lelantos: A blockchain-based anonymous physical delivery system,’’ in Proc. 15th Annu. Conf. Privacy, Secure. Trust (PST), Aug. 2017, pp. 15–1509.
[2]. Andoni M, Robu V, Flynn D, Abram S, Geach D, Jenkins D, McCallum P, and Peacock A, ‘‘Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities,’’ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 100, pp. 143–174, Feb. 2019.
[3]. Caro M P,Ali M S,Vecchio M, and Giaffreda R, ‘‘Blockchain-based traceability in agri-food supply chain management: A practical implementation,’’ in Proc. IoT Vertical Topical Summit Agricult.-Tuscany (IOT Tuscany), May 2018, pp. 1–4.
[4]. Chen Y, Li H, Li K, and Zhang J, ‘‘An improved P2P file system scheme based on IPFS and blockchain,’’ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Big Data (Big Data), Dec. 2017, pp. 2652–2657.
[5]. Hao J, Sun Y, and Luo H, ‘‘A safe and efficient storage scheme based on blockchain and IPFS for agricultural products tracking,’’ J. Comput., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 158–167, 2020.
[6]. Hasan H R and Salah K, ‘‘Blockchain-based proof of delivery of physical assets with single and multiple transporters,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 46781–46793, 2018.
[7]. Jøsang A, Ismail R, and Boyd C, ‘‘A survey of trust and reputation systems for online service provision,’’ Decis. Support Syst., vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 618–644, Mar. 2007.
[8]. D. Palanikkumar, Adel Fahad Alrasheedi, P. Parthasarathi, S.S. Askar, Mohamed Abouhawwash, Hybrid Smart Contracts for Securing IoMT Data, Computer Systems Science & Engineering, Vol. 44, No.1, pp. 457-469, 2023.
[9]. Lu Q and Xu X, ‘‘Adaptable blockchain-based systems: A case study for product traceability,’’ IEEE Softw., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 21–27, Nov. 2017.
[10]. Lu Y, ‘‘The blockchain: State-of-the-art and research challenges,’’ J. Ind. Inf. Integr., vol. 15, pp. 80–90, Sep. 2019.
[11]. Nakasumi M, ‘‘Information sharing for supply chain management based on blockchain technology,’’ in Proc. IEEE 19th Conf. Bus. Informat. (CBI), vol. 1, Jul. 2017, pp. 140–149.
[12]. Reyna A, Martín C, Chen J, Soler E, and Díaz M, ‘‘On blockchain and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities,’’ Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 88, pp. 173–190, Nov. 2018.
[13]. Salah K, Nizamuddin N, Jayaraman R, and Omar M, ‘‘Blockchain-based soybean traceability in the agricultural supply chain,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 73295–73305, 2019.
[14]. Schaub A, Bazin R, Hasan O, and Brunie L, ‘‘A trustless privacy-preserving reputation system,’’ in Proc. IFIP Int. Conf. ICT Syst. Secure. Privacy Protection. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2016, pp. 398–411.
[15]. Tian F, ‘‘A supply chain traceability system for food safety based on HACCP, Blockchain& Internet of Things,’’ in Proc. Int. Conf. Service Syst. Service Manage., 2017, pp. 1–6.
[16]. Parthasarathi, P., Shankar, S., (April 2021), “Weighted Ternary Tree Application for Secure Group Communication among Mobile Applications” Published in Wireless Personal Communication, Springer, Vol. 117, No.4, Pages 2809-2829, 2021.
[17]. Yang Z, Zheng K, Yang K, and Leung V C M, ‘‘A blockchain-based reputation system for data credibility assessment in vehicular networks,’’ in Proc. IEEE 28th Annu. Int. Symp. Pers., Indoor, Mobile Radio Commun. (PIMRC), Oct. 2017, pp. 1–5.