
How Does a Twitter Hashtag Hype a COVID-19 Conspiracy Theory?
- 1 Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- 2 Shanghai Starriver Bilingual School, Shanghai, 201108, China
- 3 University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- 4 University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton. SO17 1BJ, UK
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
We analyzed the trend of high frequency words under a Twitter hashtag #5G: Coronavirus as well as the sentiments behind based on the collected 3,136 tweets which filled the gap in studies concerning how conspiracy spread. Figuring out the mechanism, we found the contexts driven by the conspiracy appear to be negative as a whole, and new topics overflow into the unsolved tangle, by which we propose two succinct solutions to tackle the issue: explain the obscure events ASAP and avoid direct engagement with conspiracy theory discourse
Keywords
Covid-19, conspiracy theory, social media, hashtag
[1]. Stephens, M. (2020). A geospatial infodemic: Mapping Twitter conspiracy theories of COVID-19. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10 (2), 276-281.
[2]. Acker, A., & Chaiet, M. (2020). The weaponization of Web Archives: Data Craft and covid-19 publics. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-41
[3]. Kearney, M. D., Chiang, S. C., & Massey, P. M. (2020). The Twitter origins and evolution of the COVID-19 “Plandemic” conspiracy theory. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-42
[4]. van Prooijen, J. W., & Van Vugt, M. (2018). Conspiracy theories: Evolved functions and psychological mechanisms. Perspectives on psychological science, 13 (6), 770-788.
[5]. Bridgman, A., Merkley, E., Loewen, P. J., Owen, T., Ruths, D., Teichmann, L., & Zhilin, O. (2020). The causes and consequences of covid-19 misperceptions: Understanding the role of news and Social Media. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-028
[6]. European Commission. (2021, March 1). Identifying conspiracy theories. European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/fighting-disinformation/identifying-conspiracy-theories_en
[7]. Pummerer, L., Böhm, R., Lilleholt, L., Winter, K., Zettler, I., & Sassenberg, K. (2022). Conspiracy theories and their societal effects during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(1), 49-59.
[8]. Leornard, M., & Phillipe, F. (2021, July 28). Conspiracy Theories: A Public Health Concern and How to Address It. Department of Psychology, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682931
[9]. Bouygues, H. L. (2020, April 8). Going Viral: How Social Media Is Making The Spread Of Coronavirus Worse. Forbes. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/helenleebouygues/2020/04/02/going-viral-how-social-media-is-making-the-spread-of-coronavirus-worse/?sh=1d2460f241b2
[10]. Zollo, F., Novak, P. K., Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Mozetič, I., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2015). Emotional dynamics in the age of misinformation. PLOS ONE, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138740
[11]. Shultz, A. (2020, April 7). Here’s the Bonkers Conspiracy Theory Blaming 5G for the Coronavirus. GQ. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://www.gq.com/story/coronavirus-5g-conspiracy-theory-explained
[12]. Jolley, D., Mari, S., & Douglas, K. M. (2020). Consequences of conspiracy theories.
[13]. Han, J., Cha, M., & Lee, W. (2020). Anger contributes to the spread of covid-19 misinformation. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-39
[14]. Ellwood, B. (2020, September 27). Study suggests tweets mocking 5G conspiracy theory about COVID-19 may have inadvertently popularized it. PsyPost. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://www.psypost.org/2020/06/study-suggests-tweets-mocking-5g-conspiracy-theory-about-covid-19-may-have-inadvertently-popularized-it-57142
[15]. Liu, B., & Zhang, L. (2012). A survey of opinion mining and sentiment analysis. In Mining text data (pp. 415-463). Springer, Boston, MA.
[16]. Liu, K. L., Li, W. J., & Guo, M. (2012, July). Emoticon smoothed language models for Twitter sentiment analysis. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 26, No. 1).
[17]. Jacobs, Y. (2021, October 17). Conversations related to Covid-19 on social media driven by conspiracy theories and vaccine hesitancy. Iol. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/conversations-related-to-covid-19-on-social-media-driven-by-conspiracy-theories-and-vaccine-hesitancy-cea9a96d-f1ef-4fd0-b5a1-b52196306c3e
[18]. Jamieson, K. H. (2021). How conspiracists exploited COVID-19 Science. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(11), 1464–1465. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01217-2
[19]. Earnshaw, V. A., Bogart, L. M., Klompas, M., & Katz, I. T. (2016). Medical mistrust in the context of ebola: Implications for intended care-seeking and quarantine policy support in the United States. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(2), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316650507
[20]. Earnshaw, V. A., Eaton, L. A., Kalichman, S. C., Brousseau, N. M., Hill, E. C., & Fox, A. B. (2020). Covid-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 10(4), 850–856. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa090
[21]. Wood, M. J. (2015). Some dare call it conspiracy: Labeling something a conspiracy theory does not reduce belief in it. Political Psychology, 37(5), 695–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12285
[22]. Papakyriakopoulos, O., Medina Serrano, J. C., & Hegelich, S. (2020). The spread of covid-19 conspiracy theories on Social Me-DIA and the effect of content moderation. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-034
[23]. Ahmed, K. (2020, August 27). How to Challenge Conspiracy Theories. MedicGuild. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://medicguild.com/articles/how-to-challenge-conspiracy-theories/
[24]. Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2020). Searching for general model of conspiracy theories and its implication for public health policy: Analysis of the impacts of political, psychological, structural factors on conspiracy beliefs about the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010266
[25]. van Prooijen, J.-W., Douglas, K. M., & De Inocencio, C. (2017). Connecting the dots: Illusory pattern perception predicts belief in conspiracies and the supernatural. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 320–335. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2331
[26]. Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
[27]. Bruder, M., & Kunert, L. (2021). The conspiracy hoax? Testing key hypotheses about the correlates of generic beliefs in conspiracy theories during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Psychology.
[28]. McGlynn, J., Baryshevtsev, M., & Dayton, Z. A. (2020). Misinformation more likely to use non-specific authority references: Twitter analysis of two COVID-19 myths. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-37
[29]. NPR. (2020, October 15). When false information goes viral covid-19 patient groups fight back. Npr.Org. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/10/15/923349314/when-false-information-goes-viral-covid-19-patient-groups-fight-back
[30]. Jamison, A. M., Broniatowski, D. A., Dredze, M., Sangraula, A., Smith, M. C., & Quinn, S. C. (2020). Not just conspiracy theories: Vaccine opponents and proponents add to the COVID-19 ‘infodemic’ on Twitter. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-38
Cite this article
Xiong,J.;Wang,Y.;Zhao,L.;Li,J. (2023). How Does a Twitter Hashtag Hype a COVID-19 Conspiracy Theory?. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,4,49-59.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
Disclaimer/Publisher's Note
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s). EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
About volume
Volume title: Proceedings of the International Conference on Interdisciplinary Humanities and Communication Studies (ICIHCS 2022), Part 3
© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who
publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this
series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published
version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial
publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and
during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See
Open access policy for details).