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The Evolution of Shadow Education in China and Criticism of Reasons Behind It
- 1 Durham University
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Abstract
This review clustered the papers investigating shadow education in China from the emergence stage (the 1980s) to the industrialized stage (1980s - 2000s), and capitalized stage (2000s afterward). The “Reform and opening-up” policy in 1978 was conducted to improve individuals’ unemployment firstly but brought more negative issues related to wealth disparity, education essence, and tutoring quality. Since 2016, many restrictions were performed to control shadow education resulting in merely large tutoring corporations surviving similarly to the Covid-19 pandemic period. Shadow education could highly personalize customers’ needs and equalize educational opportunities by providing more services to minority groups. However, it may distort students’ emphasis on learning to educational return and enrich wealth disparity.
Keywords
exam culture, education, economy, policy
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Cite this article
Huang,Y. (2023). The Evolution of Shadow Education in China and Criticism of Reasons Behind It. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,9,26-31.
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