A Meta-Analysis of Reward Function and Childhood Obesity

Research Article
Open access

A Meta-Analysis of Reward Function and Childhood Obesity

Zhiheng Zhou 1*
  • 1 Emory University    
  • *corresponding author joe.zhou2@emory.edu
Published on 1 March 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/2/2022640
LNEP Vol.2
ISSN (Print): 2753-7056
ISSN (Online): 2753-7048
ISBN (Print): 978-1-915371-07-2
ISBN (Online): 978-1-915371-08-9

Abstract

Obesity is a prevailing illness among children around the world. In the past decades, to unveil the truth about obesity, many researchers have conducted different studies on the influence of the reward function system on eating behaviors and obesity. Their reports all have similar statements that the dysfunctional neuronal reward function system has influenced many children worldwide and led to obesity. In addition, they generally state that the reward function brings more lousy eating behaviors and increases chances of obesity in children. In this case, the reward function system functions through the food reward, external reward, and the brain regions responsible for the reward processes. This review focuses on past research papers and analysis reviews related to the topics of reward function systems, obesity, and their relationships. Then, the conclusion can be made that the dysfunctional reward function system can affect childhood obesity in terms of the changing rewards, externalities, and brain functions. However, the brain is too complex for humans to learn all its facts. Thus, the existing limitations of technology and ethics limit the truth researchers can find about the reward function. As a result, more studies, even repeated studies, on different brain regions possibly responsible for the reward function should be conducted. Also, the development of human neurotechnology is urgently needed.

Keywords:

External Reward, Prefrontal Cortex, Obesity, Brain Regions, Reward Function, Orbitofrontal Cortex, Food Reward

Zhou,Z. (2023). A Meta-Analysis of Reward Function and Childhood Obesity. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,2,1015-1020.
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References

[1]. Kelsey, M. M., Zaepfel, A., Bjornstad, P., & Nadeau, K. J. (2014). Age-Related Consequences of Childhood Obesity. Gerontology, 60(3), 222–228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000356023.

[2]. Powers, W. T. (1973). Feedback: Beyond Behaviorism. Science, 179(4071), 351–356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.179.4071.351.

[3]. Berridge, K. C. (1996). Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 20(1), 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(95)00033-b.

[4]. McGloin, A., Livingstone, M., Greene, L., Webb, S., Gibson, J., Jebb, S., Cole, T., Coward, W., Wright, A., & Prentice, A. (2002). Energy and fat intake in obese and lean children at varying risk of obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 26(2), 200–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801883.

[5]. Lowe, C. J., Morton, J. B., & Reichelt, A. C. (2020). Adolescent obesity and dietary decision making—a brain-health perspective. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(5), 388–396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30404-3.

[6]. Shapiro, A. L. B., Johnson, S. L., Sutton, B., Legget, K. T., Dabelea, D., & Tregellas, J. R. (2019). Eating in the absence of hunger in young children is related to brain reward network hyperactivity and reduced functional connectivity in executive control networks. Pediatric Obesity, 14(6), e12502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12502.

[7]. Schachter, S. (1968). Obesity and Eating. Science, 161(3843), 751–756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.161.3843.751.

[8]. Mattes, R. D., & Mela, D. J. (1986). Relationships between and among selected measures of sweet-taste preference and dietary intake. Chemical Senses, 11(4), 523–539. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/11.4.523.

[9]. Leigh, S. J., & Morris, M. J. (2018). The role of reward circuitry and food addiction in the obesity epidemic: An update. Biological Psychology, 131, 31–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.013.

[10]. Martire, S. I., Westbrook, R. F., & Morris, M. J. (2015). Effects of long-term cycling between palatable cafeteria diet and regular chow on intake, eating patterns, and response to saccharin and sucrose. Physiology & Behavior, 139, 80–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.006.

[11]. Weingarten, H. P., & Watson, S. D. (1982). Sham feeding as a procedure for assessing the influence of diet palatability on food intake. Physiology & Behavior, 28(3), 401–407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(82)90131-7.

[12]. Berthoud, H., Zheng, H., & Shin, A. C. (2012). Food reward in the obese and after weight loss induced by calorie restriction and bariatric surgery. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1264(1), 36–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06573.x.

[13]. Myers, K. P., & Sclafani, A. (2003). Conditioned acceptance and preference but not altered taste reactivity responses to bitter and sour flavors paired with intragastric glucose infusion. Physiology & Behavior, 78(2), 173–183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00890-9.

[14]. Holland, P., & Petrovich, G. (2005). A neural systems analysis of the potentiation of feeding by conditioned stimuli. Physiology & Behavior, 86(5), 747–761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.062.

[15]. Lowe, C. J., Reichelt, A. C., & Hall, P. A. (2019). The Prefrontal Cortex and Obesity: A Health Neuroscience Perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(4), 349–361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.005.

[16]. Hare, T., Camerer, C., & Rangel, A. (2009). Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. NeuroImage, 47, S95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70776-1.

[17]. Han, J. E., Boachie, N., Garcia-Garcia, I., Michaud, A., & Dagher, A. (2018). Neural correlates of dietary self-control in healthy adults: A meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Physiology & Behavior, 192, 98–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.037.

[18]. Baker, K. D., & Reichelt, A. C. (2016). Impaired fear extinction retention and increased anxiety-like behaviours induced by limited daily access to a high-fat/high-sugar diet in male rats: Implications for diet-induced prefrontal cortex dysregulation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 136, 127–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.002.

[19]. Pujol, J., Blanco-Hinojo, L., Martínez-Vilavella, G., Deus, J., Pérez-Sola, V., & Sunyer, J. (2021). Dysfunctional Brain Reward System in Child Obesity. Cerebral Cortex. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab092.

Cite this article

Zhou,Z. (2023). A Meta-Analysis of Reward Function and Childhood Obesity. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,2,1015-1020.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Educational Innovation and Philosophical Inquiries (ICEIPI 2022), Part I

ISBN：978-1-915371-07-2(Print) / 978-1-915371-08-9(Online)
Editor：Abdullah Laghari, Nasir Mahmood
Conference website: https://www.iceipi.org/
Conference date: 4 August 2022
Series: Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
Volume number: Vol.2
ISSN：2753-7048(Print) / 2753-7056(Online)

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References

[1]. Kelsey, M. M., Zaepfel, A., Bjornstad, P., & Nadeau, K. J. (2014). Age-Related Consequences of Childhood Obesity. Gerontology, 60(3), 222–228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000356023.

[2]. Powers, W. T. (1973). Feedback: Beyond Behaviorism. Science, 179(4071), 351–356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.179.4071.351.

[3]. Berridge, K. C. (1996). Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 20(1), 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(95)00033-b.

[4]. McGloin, A., Livingstone, M., Greene, L., Webb, S., Gibson, J., Jebb, S., Cole, T., Coward, W., Wright, A., & Prentice, A. (2002). Energy and fat intake in obese and lean children at varying risk of obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 26(2), 200–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801883.

[5]. Lowe, C. J., Morton, J. B., & Reichelt, A. C. (2020). Adolescent obesity and dietary decision making—a brain-health perspective. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(5), 388–396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30404-3.

[6]. Shapiro, A. L. B., Johnson, S. L., Sutton, B., Legget, K. T., Dabelea, D., & Tregellas, J. R. (2019). Eating in the absence of hunger in young children is related to brain reward network hyperactivity and reduced functional connectivity in executive control networks. Pediatric Obesity, 14(6), e12502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12502.

[7]. Schachter, S. (1968). Obesity and Eating. Science, 161(3843), 751–756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.161.3843.751.

[8]. Mattes, R. D., & Mela, D. J. (1986). Relationships between and among selected measures of sweet-taste preference and dietary intake. Chemical Senses, 11(4), 523–539. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/11.4.523.

[9]. Leigh, S. J., & Morris, M. J. (2018). The role of reward circuitry and food addiction in the obesity epidemic: An update. Biological Psychology, 131, 31–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.013.

[10]. Martire, S. I., Westbrook, R. F., & Morris, M. J. (2015). Effects of long-term cycling between palatable cafeteria diet and regular chow on intake, eating patterns, and response to saccharin and sucrose. Physiology & Behavior, 139, 80–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.006.

[11]. Weingarten, H. P., & Watson, S. D. (1982). Sham feeding as a procedure for assessing the influence of diet palatability on food intake. Physiology & Behavior, 28(3), 401–407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(82)90131-7.

[12]. Berthoud, H., Zheng, H., & Shin, A. C. (2012). Food reward in the obese and after weight loss induced by calorie restriction and bariatric surgery. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1264(1), 36–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06573.x.

[13]. Myers, K. P., & Sclafani, A. (2003). Conditioned acceptance and preference but not altered taste reactivity responses to bitter and sour flavors paired with intragastric glucose infusion. Physiology & Behavior, 78(2), 173–183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00890-9.

[14]. Holland, P., & Petrovich, G. (2005). A neural systems analysis of the potentiation of feeding by conditioned stimuli. Physiology & Behavior, 86(5), 747–761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.062.

[15]. Lowe, C. J., Reichelt, A. C., & Hall, P. A. (2019). The Prefrontal Cortex and Obesity: A Health Neuroscience Perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(4), 349–361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.005.

[16]. Hare, T., Camerer, C., & Rangel, A. (2009). Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. NeuroImage, 47, S95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70776-1.

[17]. Han, J. E., Boachie, N., Garcia-Garcia, I., Michaud, A., & Dagher, A. (2018). Neural correlates of dietary self-control in healthy adults: A meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Physiology & Behavior, 192, 98–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.037.

[18]. Baker, K. D., & Reichelt, A. C. (2016). Impaired fear extinction retention and increased anxiety-like behaviours induced by limited daily access to a high-fat/high-sugar diet in male rats: Implications for diet-induced prefrontal cortex dysregulation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 136, 127–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.002.

[19]. Pujol, J., Blanco-Hinojo, L., Martínez-Vilavella, G., Deus, J., Pérez-Sola, V., & Sunyer, J. (2021). Dysfunctional Brain Reward System in Child Obesity. Cerebral Cortex. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab092.

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