Volume 90

With the rapid growth of the video game industry, the copyright protection of game rules has become a critical legal issue, as demonstrated by the Three Kingdoms Tactics infringement case in China. This paper examines whether and how game rules should be protected under copyright law, using a combination of case analysis and comparative legal research. The study focuses on the legal disputes surrounding game rules, analyzing their eligibility for copyright protection under the "idea-expression dichotomy" and assessing judicial approaches in both domestic and international contexts. The findings suggest that while pure game mechanics may fall under unprotected "ideas," their unique expression within a game’s overall structure could qualify for copyright protection under certain conditions. The paper concludes by proposing refined legal standards for determining infringement and suggests balancing industry innovation with reasonable legal safeguards.

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This study focuses on the legal dilemmas faced by Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC) in the field of copyright protection. By comparing the legislative approaches and practical developments in the European Union, the United States, and China, it explores the key issues and underlying causes surrounding AIGC copyright protection. The research finds that AIGC presents multiple challenges, including the identification of authorship, the establishment of originality standards, the quantification of human involvement, and the coordination with traditional copyright systems. The three jurisdictions have adopted divergent legislative and judicial interpretative paths in addressing these challenges, reflecting their respective legal traditions and policy orientations. Through empirical analysis, the study evaluates the applicability and effectiveness of these varied approaches and proposes a legal framework for AIGC copyright protection that is both inclusive and forward-looking. The goal is to strike a balance between safeguarding incentives for innovation and promoting technological advancement. The findings have significant theoretical and practical implications for improving the international copyright legal regime and responding to the intellectual property challenges of the AI era.

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Along with the transformation of the criminal structure, China has entered the era of misdemeanor crimes, and the traditional mode of governance is in urgent need of innovation. Currently, there are multiple dilemmas in misdemeanor governance: at the conceptual level, the concept of punishment is more important than prevention, and the concept of crime and punishment is rigid and ignores individual differences; at the policy level, the implementation of the policy of leniency and severity is weak, and the participation of social forces is low; at the rule level, the definition of crime and non-crime is vague, and the standard of non-prosecution is not uniform; and at the institutional level, the consequences of the penalty are stringent, and the litigation process is inefficient. In this regard, it is necessary to improve the system of misdemeanor management in four aspects: first, strengthening the training of judicial personnel, deepening the understanding of the policy of leniency and severity, and establishing a preventive orientation; second, increasing the investment of the government, guiding the participation of social organizations in helping, and optimizing the allocation of judicial resources; third, the legislature is to refine the standards of crimes and misdemeanors, and the procuratorial authorities are to unify the quantitative rules of non-prosecution; and fourth, to set up the system of misdemeanor records blocking to alleviate the labeling effect, and optimize the Fourthly, a system for sealing records of minor offences should be established to reduce the labelling effect, and criminal procedure should be optimized, with links strengthened and processes simplified to enhance judicial effectiveness and to promote the construction of a scientific and effective pattern of governance for minor offences.

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Through comparative analysis of Chinese and U.S. official media coverage regarding the "TikTok ban" incident, this study deciphers narrative divergences between the two nations on technological sovereignty and national security. Combining Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling with discourse analysis, the research reveals that Chinese media constructs a collectivist narrative framework centered on "multilateral cooperation" and "anti-hegemony," emphasizing technological sovereignty and regulatory preservation. In contrast, U.S. media employs metaphors like "technological threat" and "freedom crisis" to shape individualized confrontation logic, amplifying national security risks. Policy adjustments and economic dynamics drive narrative evolution from technological disputes to geopolitical contests, highlighting the complexity of international rule-making in the digital era. This study provides strategic insights for media narratives in international political discourse and exposes the profound impact of Sino-US ideological conflicts on global communication.

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As an important part of the core curriculum of Chinese language and literature, ancient literature history textbooks are not only teaching tools, but also a concentrated reflection of the specific social background, academic atmosphere and the editor's view of literary history. By comparing the Ming and Qing literature sections in six major textbooks on the history of ancient Chinese literature—compiled by Xie Wuliang, Zheng Zhenduo, You Guoen, Zhang Peiheng, Yuan Xingpei, and the “Marxist Theory Research and Construction Project” (commonly known as the “Ma Project”)— this study analyzes the changes in their writing characteristics, research focuses, and literary historical perspectives, thereby revealing the developmental trajectory and characteristics of literary history research. The study found that the textbooks' interpretation of classic writers and works remained generally stable, but due to differences in scholars' backgrounds and times, there were differences in emphasis and perspectives of interpretation, reflecting the era characteristics and diversified development of literary history research. The study pointed out that in the future, textbook compilation needs to innovate methods on the basis of inheriting traditions to enhance the applicability of teaching and research. In addition, the sample size of this study is limited, and subsequent research can expand the textbook versions and disciplinary perspectives to enhance the representativeness and depth of the research.

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Amid the explosive growth of the short-form video industry, the unauthorized use of musical works—central to video creation—has led to escalating copyright disputes. Grounded in China’s current copyright law framework and incorporating judicial precedents and empirical data, this study systematically examines the boundary controversies surrounding the fair use doctrine as applied to musical works in short-form videos. The findings reveal structural incompatibilities between the dynamic nature of short-form video production and the rigid, closed-list fair use system established under existing copyright law. Low success rates of fair use defenses in litigation highlight systemic tensions between legal stagnation and technological advancement. Additionally, weak user copyright awareness and inadequate platform governance mechanisms further exacerbate infringement risks. To address these challenges, this research proposes a multidimensional optimization strategy encompassing legislative, judicial, platform, and user perspectives. Recommendations include revising statutory open-ended clauses, refining the application standards of the three-step test, and unifying adjudicative criteria. Institutional innovations such as ex-ante centralized licensing and fair use pre-screening mechanisms are advocated to mitigate users’ legal risks, while flexible authorization models, such as Creative Commons (CC) licensing, are explored to balance creative incentives with dissemination efficiency. This study aims to offer both theoretical and practical insights for improving copyright governance in short-form video ecosystems, fostering a dynamic equilibrium between rights protection and industrial innovation.

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The unique education system in China – the Exam-Oriented Education – is an examination system handed down from the past. As the main means of cultivating talents, education plays a crucial role in a nation’s development. The paper aims to analyze the positive and negative impacts of exam-oriented education to both students’ and economic development in China. In the article, qualitive analysis is mainly adopted to study the impacts of the system. Based on the analysis, the paper draws conclusion from different perspectives. Positively, students are benefited from the system by building solid academic foundation and cultivating persistence, meticulousness and information processing ability. People’s strong ability in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) result in a rapid development in nation’s science and technology, which contributes to economic growth. On the contrary, the strict system somehow restrains student’s diversity, creativity, and critical thinking ability, which further influence the nation’s innovative ability. To solve the problem, potential policies such as changing evaluation system or improving vocational education are proposed as recommendations.

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Despite being a crucial region for economic growth in the contemporary world, Southeast Asia continues to experience gender inequality in education. This issue is rooted in deeply entrenched cultural norms, economic disparities, and ethnic marginalization. Despite three decades of policy interventions, structural barriers persist: Over the past 30 years, while all countries in Southeast Asia have implemented policies aimed at promoting gender equality in education, challenges such as discrimination, differential treatment, and gender stereotyping persist, hindering women’s access to educational opportunities. This study conducts a systematic comparative analysis of six developing countries in Southeast Asia. Integrating and analyzing secondary data alongside relevant case studies reveals how patriarchal cultural traditions interact with urban-rural disparities, ethnic marginalization, workplace prejudice, and inadequate policy implementation to exacerbate local disadvantages in women’s access to education. Consequently, this study proposes a multidimensional approach that combines educational reforms, economic incentives, and legal safeguards as policy suggestions, emphasizing locally adapted strategies to promote progress in gender equality in education through collaborative efforts among all sectors of society. This research transcends the limitations of previous studies that focused solely on single-country or single-factor analyses, providing a robust framework for understanding educational inequality within the complex social systems of Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the study advocates for collaboration among various sectors of society and underscores the importance of enhancing female education for the overall development of the Southeast Asian region.

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Technological advancements and changes in social habits have driven the rapid growth of mobile users, leading to a boom in mobile games that enrich people's leisure time and transform entertainment consumption patterns. This study selects deep players of "Justice" as samples, using in-depth interviews to explore the behavioral characteristics of Chinese gaming culture phenomena. The research collected insights from 14 experienced players regarding their motivations, behavioral traits, and views on game design and dissemination. By analyzing the content features of the game, it examines players' multifaceted motivations from the perspective of use and satisfaction, including stress relief, emotional experiences, social and individual integration, and cognitive needs. The study also found that demographic characteristics of players, the social attributes of MMORPG, and the effectiveness of game dissemination all influence player loyalty. In this study, respondents gave mixed reviews of the game, which demonstrates that player satisfaction with the game is not directly linked to their usage loyalty. Their reliance on the game is more reflected in habits and social needs, making gaming a daily habit or lifestyle. Furthermore, this study aims to analyze the usage motivations and need satisfaction of users of the mobile ancient-style MMORPG game through qualitative research, providing some supplementary insights into the application of the "use and satisfaction" theory in games, particularly mobile games.

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This study explores the phenomenon of "TikTok refugees" migrating to Xiaohongshu in early 2025, examining its implications within the broader context of Sino-US digital geopolitics and cross-cultural communication. The analysis indicates that the regulatory actions taken by the United States government against TikTok are a strategic measure aimed at maintaining its global dominance in the digital arena. The content production mechanism and political orientation of Xiaohongshu have positioned it as the primary alternative platform in this digital ecosystem restructuring. This migration phenomenon is indicative of two interrelated phenomena. Firstly, it demonstrates user dependency on quality content platforms and the fragility of global digital ecosystems. Secondly, it establishes a new arena for grassroots digital diplomacy. The influx of international users has had a significant impact on the content ecology, thereby prompting discourse on cultural adaptation and the optimization of content governance. This research develops an analytical framework for digital platform migration, offering theoretical insights into user behavior patterns amid techno-political conflicts, the mediating function of social media in cross-cultural communication, and globalization strategies for Chinese digital platforms.

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