The mechanism and the therapeutics of Major Depressive Disorder

Research Article
Open access

The mechanism and the therapeutics of Major Depressive Disorder

Lok Ham Fu 1*
  • 1 Harrow International School of ShangHai    
  • *corresponding author isabella.fu@harrowshanghai.cn
Published on 20 December 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/24/20231106
TNS Vol.24
ISSN (Print): 2753-8826
ISSN (Online): 2753-8818
ISBN (Print): 978-1-83558-221-3
ISBN (Online): 978-1-83558-222-0

Abstract

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is currently a common and significant disorder. More young people are being diagnosed each day. Decades of research have been done and have provided us with the ability to manage the illness in terms of treatments and the neurobiology behind it. However, it is universally acknowledged that some of the problems still remain. The complete mechanism which processes in the brain of a patient of MDD is not fully revealed and in some cases, treatments such as evidence-based psychological psychotherapy and antidepressants lacked effectiveness. For patients who do experience a reduced level of depressive symptoms, repeated episodes happens often and recurrent remains at high chances. In this review, human knowledge of MDD in the current state will be summarized, including the two most commonly believed pathophysiology pathway. In addition, different types of treatments that tackles distinct aspects of the disorder are highlighted. Prevention programs and intervention methods which have been applied are discussed. They range from small actions, such as practicing meditation and mindfulness, to large movement, such as taking a psycho-educational program with a therapist. Lastly, this review points out the inadequate in human understanding towards MDD and outlines the some of the therapeutical prospects in research and investigation of depression that are able to give rise to a more successful and effectual treatment system option in the future.

Keywords:

Major depressive disorder, antidepressant, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Fu,L.H. (2023). The mechanism and the therapeutics of Major Depressive Disorder. Theoretical and Natural Science,24,81-87.
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References

[1]. Cui, R. (2015). Editorial (Thematic Selection: A Systematic Review of Depression). Current Neuropharmacology, 13(4), 480–480.

[2]. Chinese Anti-epileptic Association comorbidity professional committee. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy with anxiety [J]. Journal of Epilepsy,2018,4(3):185-190.

[3]. epression Disorders Research Alliance, Basic and Clinical Branch of Psychiatry, Chinese Neuroscience Society, Wang Dan, Zhai Jinguo. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment of depression with anxietic-distressing characteristics [J]. Journal of Neuromedicine, 2019,34(1):74-78.

[4]. Kennedy, S. H., Lam, R. W., McIntyre, R. S., Tourjman, S. V., Bhat, V., Blier, P., Hasnain, M., Jollant, F., Levitt, A. J., MacQueen, G. M., McInerney, S. J., McIntosh, D., Milev, R. V., Müller, D. J., Parikh, S. V., Pearson, N. L., Ravindran, A. V., Uher, R., & CANMAT Depression Work Group (2016). Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 3. Pharmacological Treatments. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 61(9), 540–560.

[5]. American Psychology Association. (2019). Depression Treatments for Older Adults. Https://www.apa.org.

[6]. Zhou, J., Wang, X., Feng, L., Xiao, L., Yang, R., Zhu, X., Shi, H., Hu, Y., Chen, R., Boyce, P., & Wang, G. (2021). Venlafaxine vs. fluoxetine in postmenopausal women with major depressive disorder: an 8-week, randomized, single-blind, active-controlled study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1).

[7]. Brain Stimulation Therapies. (2018). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain-stimulation-therapies/brain-stimulation-therapies

[8]. Hetrick, S., Cox, G., Witt, K., Bir, J. J., & Merry, S. (2016). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), third-wave CBT and interpersonal therapy (IPT) based interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, 2016(8).

[9]. V. Robin Weersing, Wael Shamseddeen, Garber, J., Hollon, S. D., Clarke, G. N., Beardslee, W. R., Tracy, Lynch, F. L., Porta, G., Iyengar, S., & Brent, D. A. (2016). Prevention of Depression in At-Risk Adolescents: Predictors and Moderators of Acute Effects. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(3), 219–226.

[10]. Wang, J., Ren, F., Gao, B., & Yu, X. (2022). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Recurrent MDD Patients With Residual Symptoms: Alterations in Resting-State Theta Oscillation Dynamics Associated With Changes in Depression and Rumination. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 818298.

[11]. Werner-Seidler, A., Perry, Y., Calear, A. L., Newby, J. M., & Christensen, H. (2017). School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 30–47.

[12]. Vazquez-Matias, D. A., de Vries, E. F. J., Dierckx, R. A. J. O., & Doorduin, J. (2023). PET imaging of animal models with depressive-like phenotypes. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 50(6), 1564–1584.

[13]. LaBruna, H. (2022). Ketamine For Depression: What You Need To Know - Mayo Clinic Press. Mayo Clinic Press.

Cite this article

Fu,L.H. (2023). The mechanism and the therapeutics of Major Depressive Disorder. Theoretical and Natural Science,24,81-87.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science

ISBN：978-1-83558-221-3(Print) / 978-1-83558-222-0(Online)
Editor：Alan Wang
Conference website: https://www.icbiomed.org/
Conference date: 2 September 2023
Series: Theoretical and Natural Science
Volume number: Vol.24
ISSN：2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

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References

[1]. Cui, R. (2015). Editorial (Thematic Selection: A Systematic Review of Depression). Current Neuropharmacology, 13(4), 480–480.

[2]. Chinese Anti-epileptic Association comorbidity professional committee. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy with anxiety [J]. Journal of Epilepsy,2018,4(3):185-190.

[3]. epression Disorders Research Alliance, Basic and Clinical Branch of Psychiatry, Chinese Neuroscience Society, Wang Dan, Zhai Jinguo. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment of depression with anxietic-distressing characteristics [J]. Journal of Neuromedicine, 2019,34(1):74-78.

[4]. Kennedy, S. H., Lam, R. W., McIntyre, R. S., Tourjman, S. V., Bhat, V., Blier, P., Hasnain, M., Jollant, F., Levitt, A. J., MacQueen, G. M., McInerney, S. J., McIntosh, D., Milev, R. V., Müller, D. J., Parikh, S. V., Pearson, N. L., Ravindran, A. V., Uher, R., & CANMAT Depression Work Group (2016). Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 3. Pharmacological Treatments. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 61(9), 540–560.

[5]. American Psychology Association. (2019). Depression Treatments for Older Adults. Https://www.apa.org.

[6]. Zhou, J., Wang, X., Feng, L., Xiao, L., Yang, R., Zhu, X., Shi, H., Hu, Y., Chen, R., Boyce, P., & Wang, G. (2021). Venlafaxine vs. fluoxetine in postmenopausal women with major depressive disorder: an 8-week, randomized, single-blind, active-controlled study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1).

[7]. Brain Stimulation Therapies. (2018). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain-stimulation-therapies/brain-stimulation-therapies

[8]. Hetrick, S., Cox, G., Witt, K., Bir, J. J., & Merry, S. (2016). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), third-wave CBT and interpersonal therapy (IPT) based interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, 2016(8).

[9]. V. Robin Weersing, Wael Shamseddeen, Garber, J., Hollon, S. D., Clarke, G. N., Beardslee, W. R., Tracy, Lynch, F. L., Porta, G., Iyengar, S., & Brent, D. A. (2016). Prevention of Depression in At-Risk Adolescents: Predictors and Moderators of Acute Effects. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(3), 219–226.

[10]. Wang, J., Ren, F., Gao, B., & Yu, X. (2022). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Recurrent MDD Patients With Residual Symptoms: Alterations in Resting-State Theta Oscillation Dynamics Associated With Changes in Depression and Rumination. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 818298.

[11]. Werner-Seidler, A., Perry, Y., Calear, A. L., Newby, J. M., & Christensen, H. (2017). School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 30–47.

[12]. Vazquez-Matias, D. A., de Vries, E. F. J., Dierckx, R. A. J. O., & Doorduin, J. (2023). PET imaging of animal models with depressive-like phenotypes. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 50(6), 1564–1584.

[13]. LaBruna, H. (2022). Ketamine For Depression: What You Need To Know - Mayo Clinic Press. Mayo Clinic Press.

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