Disruptions in circadian rhythms and their detrimental effects on physical health have become deeply ingrained in daily life. Traditional treatments, such as pharmacotherapy, electromagnetic therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy, have each explored their own paths but still possess structural limitations, particularly for those who are reluctant to seek treatment for rhythm disorders. "Autonomous Cognitive Instant-Engagement" can be viewed as a new therapeutic approach. It acknowledges the potential of autonomous, immediate cognitive engagement to have an immediate impact on the body and regulate circadian rhythms. However, this concept has not received sufficient attention because cognition as a zeitgeber (time-giving factor) has been under-discussed in the past. This article reviews existing literature on the objective evidence for "Autonomous Cognitive Instant-Engagement" in regulating circadian rhythms and discusses its potential mechanisms and future directions.

Show more

Abstract. Prevalence of inadequate drug adherence is observed among patients diagnosed with hypertension. Individuals with hypertension may experience psychological discomfort as a result of elevated blood pressure and the adverse effects of therapy, which can impact their mental well-being. Psychiatric disorders are crucial variables to consider when examining the influence on medication compliance. Discrepancies in the research regarding the link between medication adherence and psychological discomfort, such as anxiety and depressive symptoms, emphasize the need of investigating other variables that could impact this link. Previous research has examined the correlation between employment status and psychological distress, as well as the correlation between employment status and adherence. However, none have tested the association between psychological distress, employment status, and the adherence to medication. This study aimed to explore whether employment status influences the effect of psychological distress (including symptoms of anxiety and depression) on medication adherence in adult patients with hypertension. The results of multiple linear regression analyses for secondary data indicated that employment status had a significant effect on the association between psychological distress and medication adherence. More precisely, when compared to those who were working, the adverse effect of psychological distress on the adherence to medicine was more pronounced within the unemployed population. In addition, medication adherence was poorer among younger participants, those who were employed, and those with higher systolic blood pressure. The study indicates that future research should reassess this correlation in samples with a more equitable and varied work status or contemplate using pharmacy data to assess medication adherence.

Show more

Abstract. In this extended project, I consider a variety of causes for violent criminality, and show how genetic, environmental and psychological elements converge to contribute to an individual’s likelihood of offending. This review covered some fundamental genetic markers (i.e., XYY syndrome, the MAOA gene variant), with those carried on by environmental influences in the form of own characteristics and immediate factors (i.e. socioeconomic status, familial dynamics) to personal psychological qualities as psychopathy. The results show that genetic influences on a disposition to engage in criminal behavior do not lie dormant but act together outside the confining space of bare biology. In reality, many environmentally and psychologically trigger the actual act of criminal activities. This is not to say that any one of these factors determines whether violent criminal behavior will develop, but rather, that criminal behavior emerges from the interaction of all the elements discussed in this review. Such a nuanced perspective is important for our legal systems, as it emphasises the need of seeing every individual separately and assessing an individual on several levels while also implementing measures that take into consideration some reference to genetic predisposition, surroundings and psychological profile. Further longitudinal and interdisciplinary studies are needed to better understand the relationships between these factors as well as to develop prevention and intervention strategies in the future.

Show more

Abstract. Tourette Syndrome (TS), a complex neurodevelopmental disorder featured by persistent motor and vocal tics, has seen Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) emerge as an efficacious treatment option for refractory cases. This study aims to systematically review and compare the roles of open-loop and closed-loop DBS modalities in treating TS, to elucidate their respective strengths, priorities, and clinical outcomes. Through a comprehensive literature review and data analysis, this paper delves into the mechanisms, technical advantages, and effectiveness of both DBS paradigms in managing TS symptoms, mitigating comorbidities, and enhancing quality of life. Furthermore, the disparities in safety, tolerability, long-term efficacy, and the influence of patient-specific requirements on therapeutic strategy selection are evaluated. Besides, this paper also culminates with a summary and outlook, advocating for ongoing exploration to refine closed-loop DBS pathways and concurrent appraisal of open-loop DBS within specific patient cohorts, thereby advancing the precision and personalization of TS therapy.

Show more