Osteoporosis, a prevalent skeletal condition, markedly impacts the well-being of certain demographics, particularly postmenopausal women and the elderly. It is defined by diminished bone density, the deterioration of bone tissue, and disturbances in the bone's microarchitecture, which consequently heighten bone fragility and the likelihood of fractures. This treatise explores the incidence of osteoporosis within susceptible populations, elucidates the mechanisms underlying bone resorption, and examines various risk factors, including age, lifestyle choices, dietary habits, medical conditions, and pharmaceuticals, along with their respective evaluation techniques. The discourse also encompasses therapeutic strategies such as adjustments to diet and nutrition, the adoption of an active lifestyle, quitting smoking, and moderating alcohol intake, in conjunction with pharmacological interventions like antiresorptive drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and anabolic therapies. Grasping these elements is essential for the successful prevention and management of osteoporosis. By employing a multifaceted approach, it is possible to substantially decrease the occurrence of the condition and the associated risk of fractures. Nonetheless, ongoing research is imperative to refine treatment modalities and enhance early diagnosis and management protocols for this ailment.

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This review explores the evolution, mechanisms, and future potential of vaccines, with a comparative focus on traditional vaccines and emerging genetic vaccines. Traditional vaccines—such as inactivated, attenuated, and subunit types—have played a pivotal role in public health but face limitations in production complexity, efficacy, and storage. In contrast, genetic vaccines, particularly mRNA-based, offer higher efficiency, rapid development, and customizable antigen targeting enabled by gene-editing technologies like PCR and CRISPR. Despite challenges such as stability, delivery systems, and short-lived immunity in certain cases, genetic vaccines show promising adaptability in combating viral mutations and may redefine therapeutic strategies. The paper argues that with ongoing advances in biotechnology, genetic vaccines could gradually replace conventional types, shaping a new era in preventive medicine and global immunization.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor worldwide, and its incidence and mortality are growing year by year. In recent years, the beginning and course of CRC are directly linked to intestinal flora imbalance, according to an increasing number of research.Therefore, finding a unique treatment approach and direction that can regulate the intestinal flora is therefore urgently needed. Traditional Chinese medicine as an adjuvant therapy for CRC has the characteristics of multi-targets, multi-levels, multi-links, and overall regulation, and it has significant advantages in the prevention and management of CRC.Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG), as one of the main drugs in the utilisation of traditional Chinese medicine as an adjuvant therapy for CRC, has been widely studied and recognised. Studies have shown that SBG and its active ingredients can aid in the prevention and management of CRC by regulating the intestinal flora, improving the imbalance of the flora, inhibiting the proliferation of harmful microorganisms, and enhancing the function of advantageous microorganisms. In addition, scutellaria can also inhibit the incidence and development of CRC by inhibiting inflammatory response, inducing apoptosis of cancer cells and blocking signaling pathways

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Emerging pathogens underscore an urgent need for rapidly developed vaccines to minimize mortality and societal disruption. Traditional vaccine development requires time spans of years, making it ill-suited to fast-evolving viruses that can overwhelm healthcare systems and economies. In response, plug-and-play vaccine platforms offer a more agile solution. By reusing proven backbones, they reduce the repetitive safety and production steps otherwise required for each new pathogen, thus accelerating both regulatory approval and large-scale manufacturing. In parallel, artificial intelligence and computational tools enable faster antigen and epitope identification, more accurate immune response modeling, and improved vaccine design. These innovations have already shortened timelines and enhanced efficacy.

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