At present, the scientific research field has conducted in-depth research on its pathogenesis, and a large number of studies have shown that Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) ergic neuronal downregulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of major depression. As a critical inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, the abnormal downregulation of GABA neurons will break the balance of the neurotransmitter system. This disruption subsequently interferes with the normal transmission and regulation of neural signals, ultimately leading to multifaceted abnormalities in emotional, cognitive, and physiological functions—processes that collectively drive the onset and progression of major depression. This article reviews the existing experimental evidence of GABA's influence on the development of depression, and provides the basis for further research.

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Under normal physiological conditions, tau protein can maintain the function of microtubules, while under pathological conditions, it dissociates from microtubules and aggregates, thereby disrupting microtubule function and ultimately leading to neuronal damage and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Under pathological conditions, tau protein undergoes modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and truncation. These changes lead to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles through various mechanisms and ultimately cause Alzheimer's disease. In response to these diverse pathogenic mechanisms, people have developed a variety of potential therapeutic approaches targeting the underlying causes, such as modulating autophagy, inhibiting tau protein aggregation, clearing tau protein and so on. These studies demonstrate that the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, headed by Alzheimer's disease (AD), can be inhibited. This article aims to discuss the limitations in the aforementioned mechanisms and their corresponding therapeutic approaches, and to explore whether there are methods and ideas to address these shortcomings. Regrettably, the current potential therapeutic approaches are still unable to completely cure Alzheimer's disease, and the conditions required for treatment are rather demanding. However, these therapeutic methods may potentially serve as means for the early diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. This article may provide more ideas for new therapeutic approaches to AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.

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As the world's largest energy-consuming and carbon-emitting country, China's dependence on fossil fuels is very serious, so its environmental protection issues will be crucial. The Chinese government also claims to gradually promote carbon neutrality between 2030 and 2060. In this context, China will actively promote the use and construction of clean energy, and hydrogen energy will be a key development target of clean energy as it could reduce carbon emissions and promote the realization of carbon neutrality. However, the biggest challenge in the current use and popularization of hydrogen energy lies in its high storage and security maintenance cost owing to the instability of hydrogen gas and vague construction goals. Regarding this, Safer hydrogen energy carriers such as NH3 and liquified H2 are promising candidates as an energy vector. To determine the appropriate carrier, this study has adopted an optimization model to explore the minimum cost and optimal construction scale of production and storage steps for two different hydrogen energy carriers (liquefied hydrogen and ammonia) within one year. It shows that liquefied hydrogen had a lower unit cost, which makes it a more economical hydrogen energy carrier than ammonia gas, greatly reducing the unit cost of hydrogen energy and factory construction costs. This study provides economic guidance for future hydrogen energy production and construction, avoids more expenses being wasted, and promotes the popularization of hydrogen energy.

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This paper aims to compare the effectiveness and indications of stimulant vs non-stimulating medications for treating Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The literature review was systematic and included comparative (data on both types of drug) data from observational studies. The results indicate that stimulant medications, including methylphenidate (MPH), dexmethylphenidate (d-MPH), and lisdexamfetamine (LDX), are superior to non-stimulant medications in alleviating key symptoms of ADHD. Specifically, d-MPH has shown to have similar efficacy to racemic MPH but also has potential with longer-lasting benefit; and LDX has demonstrated slightly superior efficacy to osmotic-release oral system-MPH (OROS-MPH) in certain dose-escalation conditions. Nonetheless, a number of side effects have also been noted following the use of these medications. In contrast, the non-stimulant medication atomoxetine (ATX) has efficacy in reducing ADHD symptoms but this effect is weaker than stimulants like MPH and it does not have classical side effects such as drowsiness, nausea or emesis. Treatment decisions should be based on efficacy of drugs, and their side effects must satisfy the personalized approaches to increase its effectiveness. Further studies are needed to examine the possible long-term effects and patient preferences in those with ADHD.

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