Volume 181

Through the analysis of the inherent problems of "fragmented control", "heterogeneity," and "human-machine separation" of the automation system, it is recognized that the development of hardware automation and software automation is contradictory, and automation technology has changed from "single-point control" to "multi-point control." Technology from "single-point control" to "intelligent whole domain" development path, predictive maintenance, flexible manufacturing, the whole life cycle of the coupled development of digital mapping, to improve the level of fast, accurate and agile manufacturing system, innovation, "low-cost" - low pollution - low humane Low pollution - low humane "three low balance, explore low-carbon manufacturing technology, the whole life cycle of ecological and humane management of sustainable development and construction path. The significance of this research: not only provides theoretical support for the law of intelligent development of machinery manufacturing, more importantly, it provides an operable theoretical basis for the efficiency and sustainable development problems that have been plaguing the machinery manufacturing industry, and is of guiding significance for the high-quality development, green development and intelligent development of the machinery manufacturing industry.

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With the widespread application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the field of telecommunications engineering, security issues such as network attacks, privacy leakage, and system vulnerabilities have become increasingly prominent, which have become important challenges restricting the development of the Internet of Things and the integration of telecommunications infrastructure. This paper systematically analyzes the research background and current situation of IoT security at home and abroad from the application scenarios of telecommunications engineering, focuses on the classification and overview of IoT security technology, and analyzes the problems and countermeasures in security practice based on typical cases. This paper also delves into the technical challenges and development trends faced by IoT security in telecommunications engineering. The results show that the requirements of telecom engineering for IoT security are characterized by large-scale, high concurrency, heterogeneous access and low latency, which need to be coordinated in multiple dimensions such as system architecture design, protocol standards, offensive and defensive confrontation and regulatory compliance.

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NASICON type solid electrolytes are widely regarded by researchers as ideal materials for next generation all solid state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and low interfacial side reactions. However, several practical challenges hinder their real world applications, such as unstable interfaces between electrodes and electrolytes, high grain boundary resistance, and immature large scale manufacturing processes. These issues require systematic investigation to identify their underlying causes and to develop effective solutions. This paper reviews recent research advances in the material design, interface engineering, and scale up fabrication of NASICON electrolytes. It focuses on the degradation mechanisms of ionic transport kinetics, the imbalance in interfacial chemical and mechanical compatibility, and issues in powder compaction and sintering during mass production. Through innovative strategies at multiple scales atomic level doping modifications, mesoscopic interface buffer layer design, and macroscopic sintering parameter control this work establishes a"material structure process" co-optimization framework, revealing key pathways to performance enhancement and practical engineering implementation. The study aims to clarify the logical progression from fundamental research to industrial application for NASICON electrolytes, offering the industry a solid state battery model that balances high energy density with low manufacturing costs. Future research should integrate high throughput computational methods and intelligent process control technologies to develop dynamically stable interface strategies and a comprehensive evaluation system that considers electrochemical performance, mechanical reliability, and cost effectiveness, thereby accelerating commercial adoption.

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This paper explores the technological underpinnings and regulatory challenges of autonomous driving systems in New Energy Vehicles (NEVs), with a focus on three core components: electric control systems, electric motors, and batteries. By comparing the differing design philosophies and regulatory responses between countries—particularly between the U.S. and China—the paper highlights how national protocols influence the feasibility and development trajectory of NEV technologies. Special attention is given to Tesla’s vision-based autonomous driving model and its contrast with the sensor-integrated, high-computation approaches adopted by Chinese manufacturers. The analysis further examines how protocol constraints in China shape system integration, latency issues, and real-time performance. Ultimately, the study provides a technical and policy-oriented overview of NEV development, contributing to a deeper understanding of the interaction between engineering innovation and geopolitical frameworks in the era of intelligent mobility.

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As carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increase and global warming intensifies, research and practical applications in the field of CO2reduction have gained significant prominence in modern society and drawn considerable global attention. Copper-based catalysts exhibit superior electrical conductivity and catalytic performance. Crucially, copper possesses distinctive carbon-carbon coupling capability, enabling the generation of high-value multi-carbon compounds. In the electrochemical CO2reduction reaction system, Cu as a catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity, efficiently driving the CO2electroreduction process and generating various C2+products. This study aims to conduct a review and analysis of the existing literature to summarize the distinct C-C coupling ability inherent to copper-based catalysts, and to synthesize their pivotal roles and underlying reaction mechanisms in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR). Through this study, a more comprehensive understanding of copper-based catalysts for CO₂ reduction has been achieved. Future work is encouraged to extend and refine this foundation to propel the development and advancement of the field.

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Hydrogel materials are pivotal in bioprinting due to their biomimetic properties, high water content, and biocompatibility, which facilitate cell viability and tissue regeneration. This paper comprehensively analyzes hydrogel-based bioprinting, focusing on material classification, printing technologies, and clinical applications. Key findings reveal that natural hydrogels (e.g., gelatin, alginate, hyaluronic acid) offer superior bioactivity, while synthetic hydrogels (e.g., PEGDA) provide tunable mechanical strength and high-resolution printability. Composite hydrogels (e.g., GelMA/alginate) synergistically combine these advantages, enhancing structural fidelity and cellular support. Advanced extrusion and vat photopolymerization techniques (e.g., SLA/DLP) have achieved resolutions down to 25 µm and cell viability exceeding 95%, enabled by innovations like visible-light curing and granular microgel assembly. Computational modeling and machine learning further optimize bioink formulation and printing parameters. Despite progress, clinical translation faces barriers including standardization gaps, scalability challenges, and cost constraints. Future research must prioritize dynamic, multi-stimuli-responsive "smart hydrogels" and metabolic function emulation for complex organs. This work underscores hydrogels’ transformative potential in regenerative medicine while outlining pathways to overcome translational hurdles.

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In response to the energy crisis and to achieve low-carbon goals, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have rapidly become widespread in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage. This leads to a surge in the number of spent lithium-ion batteries (S-LIBs). However, if S-LIBs are not handled properly, this will pose serious environmental and health risks. This review highlights the critical need for integrating pollution control into S-LIBs recycling processes to achieve sustainable resource recovery and critically examines pollution control strategies across S-LIBs recycling processes. Pretreatment (discharge, disassembly, separation) releases microplastics, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and fluorine/phosphorus gases from decomposed LiPF6. Hydrometallurgy generates acidic wastewater, while pyrometallurgy emits CO2, NOx, SO2, and heavy metal aerosols. Direct regeneration risks secondary pollution via chemical residues. These guidelines contribute to enhancing S-LIBs recycling techniques and advancing sustainable development within the field. In conclusion, achieving sustainable S-LIBs recycling involves the development of cost-efficient, non-toxic leaching agents, such as organic acids, and implementing closed-loop processes to minimize waste.

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As a core light source for optical communication systems, infrared light-emitting diodes (IR-LEDs) demonstrate significant advantages in visible light communication (VLC), free-space optical communication (FSO), optical wireless communication, and infrared remote control, owing to their low power consumption, electromagnetic interference immunity, and invisibility to the human eye. This article systematically reviews the working principles of IR-LEDs and their performance in optical communication systems, with a focus on recent research advances in structural optimization (e.g., reflective transparent structures, vertical LEDs, micro-LED arrays), novel materials (e.g., quantum dots, III-V semiconductors), and advanced modulation techniques (e.g., OFDM, WDM, polarization/mode multiplexing). Studies reveal that micro-LED arrays enhance modulation bandwidth, quantum dot materials achieve >20% external quantum efficiency (EQE), and heterogeneous integration of III-V materials with silicon photonics substantially overcomes the bandwidth and efficiency limitations of conventional IR-LEDs. Future multi-technology collaborative innovations will further drive the evolution of IR-LEDs for high-speed, high-capacity optical communication.

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Traditional medical implants are difficult to meet personalized medical needs due to mismatched mechanical properties and insufficient biocompatibility. The combination of topology optimization and additive manufacturing provides new ideas to solve the above problems. In this paper, we discuss the technical paths and results of the combination of the two in enhancing the mechanical properties, biocompatibility and permeability of implants: the optimal distribution of materials is achieved through topology optimization, and combined with the complex shaping capability of additive manufacturing, it effectively improves stress shielding, promotes cellular integration and bone regeneration, and optimizes the material transport. Currently, this technology has problems such as a difficult balance between mechanical properties and biological functions, insufficient clinical trials, high cost and low algorithmic efficiency, etc. In the future, it needs to be combined with metamaterials and AI technology to promote its development. This research holds significant promise for advancing personalized medicine by enabling the design and fabrication of highly customized implants that better mimic natural bone structures, thereby improving patient outcomes and reducing complications.

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Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, due to their atomic-level thickness, tunable bandgap, and strong light-matter interaction, have emerged as a transformative platform for high-performance photodetectors. In recent years, devices based on emerging materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), Bi2O2Se, and InSe have achieved record-breaking light response, detection rate, and ultrafast response times. This article reviews performance optimization strategies, including heterostructure design, defect and doping control, interface passivation, and novel device structures (such as self-powered and flexible devices). It systematically compares key performance indicators such as response rate, external quantum efficiency, specific detection rate, dark current, and time-domain response. It assesses the trade-off between gain and speed, as well as challenges in large-scale fabrication, device consistency, and multi-functional integration. Finally, it looks forward to new directions such as wafer-level direct growth, polarization-sensitive detection, plasma or cavity enhancement technology to promote the development of next-generation wide-spectrum, low-power, and flexible photodetectors.

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