
A Review of Liger and Tigon Based on Posthuman Bodies Theory
- 1 Australian National University
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Human society is moving toward a posthuman era as theories by scholars such as Rosi Braidotti, Donna Haraway, and Keith Ansell Pearson gain attention. Meanwhile, hybrid creatures such as Ligers and Tigons captivate public interest. However, no study has connected these hybrids to posthuman body theories. This literature review examines how Liger and Tigon articulate or challenge these theories, reflecting humanity's transition to the posthuman era. The research argues that these human-engineered hybrids break species binaries yet reflect human exceptionalism, as they serve human interests and demonstrate humanity’s control over nature. However, while Liger and Tigon support theories of biotechnological vitalism and human enhancement, their genetic defects and health issues reveal the limitations of human intervention. Liger and Tigon indicate that the posthuman vision of using biotechnology to enhance the body has limitations. Although biotechnology can overcome biological constraints to a certain extent, it does not constantly enhance the body but can even hurt it. Additionally, although these hybrids blur the boundaries between nature and culture, public attitudes towards them reflect the persistence of the nature-culture binary. People still regard Liger and Tigon as human property despite their representation of the interaction between humans and animals in shaping identities, which contradicts Haraway's theory of equality between humans and companion species. Ultimately, this review argues that while Liger and Tigon break species boundaries, they also highlight human exceptionalism, suggesting that the collapse of the species binary does not necessarily lead to equal relationships between humans and other creatures.
Keywords
Posthuman bodies, Hybrid creatures, Human enhancement, Nature-culture binary, Companion species
[1]. Braidotti, R 2013, The posthuman, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 1–12, 55–104.
[2]. Reifsnyder, C 2017, Hybrid Animals Hybrid Animals Hybrid Animals, Hybrid Animals Level Z, pp. 3–16. https://cpb-ap-se2.wpmucdn.com/global2.vic.edu.au/dist/6/47445/files/2017/04/raz_lz34_hybridanimals_clr-viukqi.pdf
[3]. Evolution: Library: Tigons and Ligers 2001, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/05/2/l_052_02.html
[4]. Dhavala, S 2019, Learning With Times NIE: What Are Tigon and Liger?, Indiatimes.com, https://toistudent.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/top-news/learning-with-times-nie-what-are-tigon-and-liger/42174.html.
[5]. Ghosh, S 2021, Understanding hybrid animals better | World Animal Protection, www.worldanimalprotection.org.in, viewed 2 June 2023, https://www.worldanimalprotection.org.in/blogs/understanding-hybrid-animals-better
[6]. ZHU, K 2010, Crouching Liger, Hidden Danger?, ABC News, viewed 1 June 2023, https://abcnews.go.com/International/liger-cubs-born-captivity/story?id=11434915
[7]. Cunningham, PC 2010, ‘Ligers, Tigons, And Splice: Human-Animal Hybrids’, Dignitas, vol. 17, no. 1-2, pp. 14–16.
[8]. Campbell, J 2022, Glowing Bunnies!?: Why We’re Making Hybrids, Chimeras, and Clones, Google Books, Lerner Publishing Group.
[9]. Haraway, D 2003, The companion species manifesto: dogs, people, and significant otherness, Prickly Paradigm Press, Chicago.
[10]. McKinnell, Z & Wessel, G 2012, ‘Ligers and tigons and .....what? ....oh my!’, Molecular Reproduction and Development, vol. 79, no. 8. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/mrd.22074
[11]. Surugue, L 2017, Ligers, tigons and liligers: All you need to know about big cat hybrids and why breeding them isn’t a great idea, International Business Times UK, viewed 20 May 2023, https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ligers-tigons-liligers-all-you-need-know-about-big-cat-hybrids-why-breeding-them-isnt-great-1614717
[12]. Gittleman, JL 2023, species | Definition, Types, & Examples, Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/species-taxon
[13]. Potts, A & Haraway, D 2010, ‘Kiwi chicken advocate talks with Californian dog companion’, Feminism & Psychology, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 318–336.
[14]. Palmer, A, Sommer, V & Msindai, JN 2021, ‘Hybrid apes in the Anthropocene: Burden or asset for conservation?’, People and Nature, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 573–586. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pan3.10214
[15]. Haddow, G 2021, Introduction: Animal, mechanical and me: Technologies that alter subjectivity, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Manchester University Press, viewed 18 May 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571744/
[16]. Bastian, B 2017, The uneasy truth about human-animal hybrids, www.bbc.com, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170222-the-uneasy-truth-about-human-animal-hybrids
[17]. Colebrook, C 2015, ‘Extinction’, in R Braidotti & M Hlavajova (eds), Posthuman Glossary, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, London, pp. 150–153.
[18]. Bittel, J 2015, The Sad Truth About Zonkeys and Ligers, Slate Magazine, https://slate.com/technology/2015/06/zonkeys-ligers-the-sad-truth-about-animal-hybrids.html
[19]. Harari, YN 2015, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Harper Perennial, New York.
[20]. Rafferty, JP 2023, liger | Size & Facts, Encyclopædia Britannica, viewed 2 June 2023, https://www.britannica.com/animal/liger
[21]. Gabryś, J, Kij, B, Kochan, J & Bugno-Poniewierska, M 2021, ‘Interspecific hybrids of animals - in nature, breeding and science – a review’, Annals of Animal Science, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 403–415. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0082
[22]. Dolezal, L 2016, ‘MORPHOLOGICAL FREEDOM AND MEDICINE: CONSTRUCTING THE POSTHUMAN BODY’, in S Atkinson, J Macnaughton & J Richards (eds), The Edinburgh Companion to the Critical Medical Humanities, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 310–324.
[23]. Turner, BS 2007, ‘Culture, Technologies and Bodies: The Technological Utopia of Living Forever’, The Sociological Review, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00690.x
[24]. Pearson, KA 1997, Viroid Life Perspectives on Nietzsche and the Transhuman Condition, 1st Edition, Routledge, London. https://doi-org.virtual.anu.edu.au/10.4324/9780203047033
[25]. Edson, L 1996, ‘Evolution Isn’t What It Used to Be: The Augmented Animal and the Whole Wired World’, Across the Board, vol. 33, no. 6, p. 60.
[26]. Gooner, R 2003, Ligers and Tigons - Pets & Animals, Neoseeker, viewed 2 June 2023, https://www.neoseeker.com/forums/94/t376676-ligers-tigons/
[27]. Are Ligers Real? | Wonderopolis n.d., wonderopolis.org, National Center for Families Learning, viewed 2 June 2023, https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/are-ligers-real?replytocom=670835
[28]. Ligerworld 2023, Ligers & Deformity – Myth or Reality?, www.ligerworld.com, viewed 2 June 2023, https://www.ligerworld.com/liger-deformity-myth-reality.html
[29]. Raza, A 2022, Tigon |Description, Diet, Speed, Habitat, Cubs & Facts, jspecies.com, viewed 2 June 2023, https://jspecies.com/tigon/
[30]. Peep at the leopard 2022, Man-made ‘love tragedy’: Liger and Tigons, www.sohu.com, viewed 3 June 2023, https://www.sohu.com/a/575742578_121303829
[31]. Book Monster Ally 2017, The Tigon and the Liger, BookMonsters.info, viewed 6 June 2023, http://bookmonsters.info/blog/2017/11/01/the-tigon-and-the-liger/
[32]. Haraway, D 2018, A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late 20th Century, Camas Books, Victoria, British Columbia.
Cite this article
Wang,W. (2025). A Review of Liger and Tigon Based on Posthuman Bodies Theory. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media,81,132-139.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
Disclaimer/Publisher's Note
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s). EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
About volume
Volume title: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social Psychology and Humanity Studies
© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who
publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this
series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published
version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial
publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and
during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See
Open access policy for details).