Volume 68

The 17th century was a significant stage in global history, with the West ushering in the Scientific Revolution and the rise of Enlightenment thinking, and China experiencing the transformations of the Ming and Qing dynasties. These advances have had a profound impact on the development of contemporary society. However, most of the existing studies focus on a single civilization, and there are fewer comprehensive studies on the interaction between Chinese and Western civilizations. The study examines the development of civilisation in ancient China and the West (Europe) through the analysis of existing historical data on China and the West and compares the performance of civilisation in China in the 17th century with that of the West during the same period through a horizontal comparison of the historical processes of the Middle Ages, including the change of polity, the development of the economic system, and the way of education. The results show that China's level of civilisation was higher than that of the West before the 17th century, but the West's civilisation gradually surpassed China's after that. Despite the different paths and speeds of development between China and the West, the turning point in the 17th century had a profound impact on the course of world history (turning point: the 17th century, when China's civilisational development gradually lagged behind that of the West, i.e. the West's entry into a capitalist society).

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This research examines the impact of parental involvement during elementary school on the mental well-being of Chinese international college students. It aims to uncover how early parental support influences mental health as these students navigate the challenges of higher education abroad. The study highlights that while parental involvement can enhance academic performance, self-esteem, and social skills, its long-term effects on international students remain underexplored. By using a mixed-methods approach with data from 200 Chinese students at Johns Hopkins University and qualitative interviews, the study seeks to identify which forms of involvement—such as direct academic support, emotional support, and extracurricular engagement—are most beneficial or detrimental to mental well-being. The findings are expected to provide insights for educators, parents, and policymakers to develop culturally sensitive support systems that enhance both academic success and mental health for international students.

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Satisfaction in intimate relationship is a significant area of interest for many adults in contemporary society. Some researchers have found that personality and sexual satisfaction determine marital satisfaction. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of recent studies elucidating how personality affects sexual satisfaction differently between genders among unmarried young Chinese adults. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the link between the Big Five personality and sexual satisfaction in this demographic. The researcher collected the data through quantitative research by distributing the questionnaire among young adults in China, with ages between 18-28 years old, and obtained 161 respondents. The data was statistically tested by using the SPSS v29. The findings showed Conscientiousness is the solely personality dimension in Big Five personality that significantly positively correlated with sexual satisfaction, and Conscientiousness does not significantly predict sexual satisfaction for both males and females. The present study provides evidences for the understanding of the relation between personality and sexual satisfaction.

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In teaching Chinese as a foreign language, Chinese characters teaching is an essential part of teaching. With the continuous development of teaching Chinese characters, the Hieroglyph teaching plays a positive role in the process of helping foreign students learn Chinese characters. By retrieving documents in China Knowledge Network and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, this paper reviews the status of the Hieroglyph teaching in teaching Chinese as a foreign language. Based on the basic situation of the Hieroglyph teaching, this paper analyzes the historical development and advantages of it, points out its guide ideas, and summarizes relevant research of teaching methods. Through the comparison of the Hieroglyph teaching methodology and traditional Chinese characters teaching methodology, this paper further explores the significance of the Hieroglyph teaching, finally, the shortcomings of it and suggestions for improvement are pointed out, aims to demonstrate the feasibility and practical significance of the Hieroglyph teaching. This paper summarizes the current basic situation, potential problems and suggestions for improvement of this research field in the Hieroglyph teaching, which can help experts and scholars enhance the depth and breadth in future.

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Social media has become a fundamental part of everyday life, frequently showcasing objectifying information and images that impact users' perceptions and behaviors. This review explores the relationship between social media use and women's well-being, focusing on how self-objectification mediates this relationship. The study delves into the role of internalization of ideal beauty standards and social comparisons as mediators between media use and self-objectification. The review categorizes specific social media selfie behaviors, including selfie-viewing, selfie-posting, selfie-editing, and selfie-investment, and analyzes their differential impacts on self-objectification and health. Using a comprehensive literature review method, the results indicate that media use, particularly frequent involvement in selfie-related activities is strongly linked to increased self-objectification and subsequent negative health outcomes. For specific activities, contradictory findings are identified regarding the impact of selfie-posting, and possible explanations are provided, including motivations, scale usage, and cultural differences.

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At present, the concern about adolescents’ internet behavior is generally increasing around the world. The relationship between their deviant behavior and morality and social factors is worth studying. This article investigated the relationship between internet deviant behavior and internet morality and social factors among adolescents by questionnaire. This article found that:(1) Adolescents have more positive internet morality and less deviant behavior; (2) The internet moral cognition and internet will of adolescents can reverse infer the role of deviant behavior, and the more positive the moral representation, the less deviant behavior; (3) The more positive the social relationship, the less deviant behavior occurs, and the neighbor/roommate relationship has a more significant effect on deviant behavior. Through the study of adolescent internet moral behavior, educators can better judge from what aspects can better prevent adolescent internet deviant behavior and create the internet moral level as adolescent social relations and internet deviant behavior mediating variable model, put forward more internet moral level as the mediating variable research lay the foundation.

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The elite swimming performance progression is impacted by variable factors such as training advancements, athlete demographics, and physiological traits. A deep understanding of influencing factors and performance trends allows for the development of optimized training strategies and maximizing athlete’s overall performance. This study conducts a comprehensive investigation into the influence of gender and age on Olympic swimming performance across the 2012 to 2024 Olympic Games, with a detailed analysis of performance trends in various strokes and distances. Data from the top eight finalists in each event were subjected to rigorous statistical analysis, employing t-tests and ANOVA to assess progression patterns and age-related shifts. The findings demonstrate that both female and male swimmers exhibited comparable rates of performance progression over the Olympic cycles, with no statistically significant differences in gender-based performance trends. However, notable exceptions were observed in specific events, such as stagnation in the men’s 100m freestyle and women’s 200m butterfly during certain periods. The age analysis revealed a general upward trend in the ages of competitors, though younger swimmers were more prevalent in endurance events, while older athletes excelled in sprint disciplines like the 50m freestyle. While the Olympic year did not significantly influence age trends, stroke type and distance were identified as key determinants of age variation among competitors. These results provide nuanced insights into the interaction of gender and age with elite swimming performance, with potential implications for optimizing training protocols and talent development in competitive swimming.

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The Terms of Reference system, as stipulated in Article 23 of the ICC Arbitration Rules, pursues efficiency as its value. However, the defects of the current Terms of Reference system in the definition of new claims, the determination of the content standard of Terms of Reference, and the consistency of its internal logic have hindered the maximization of the efficiency of the Terms of Reference system. From the perspective of law and economics, marginal improvements to the existing Terms of Reference system can effectively improve its efficiency. First, clarify the definition of new claims, distinguish them from modifications of original claims, and define them based on the independence of cause of action and relief sought. Second, revise the logical structure of Article 23 of the ICC Arbitration Rules, eliminate unnecessary logical progression, and make the rules clearer and more specific. Third, introduce the principle of party autonomy, allowing new claims to be included in the arbitration procedure on the basis of consensus between the two parties. Finally, improve the granularity and predictability of the rules by publicizing typical arbitration cases. The optimization of the Terms of Reference system can promote the improvement of commercial arbitration efficiency, promote the improvement of international arbitration rules, and meet the dynamic and realistic needs of international dispute resolution.

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Numerous research investigations have shown the correlation between psychopathology and personality traits, as well as between the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality and self-esteem (SE). However, the relevant research is limited. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between FFM and depression among Chinese adolescents, and to find whether SE acts as a mediator in the relationship. This study recruited 325 adolescents from Jiangsu Province in China. Three self-reported questionnaires were employed to assess their personality traits, depression and SE respectively. Pearson correlation and mediation were applied in data analyses. The results showed that the association between FFM of personality and depression is significantly mediated by SE. High neuroticism was linked to low SE, which in turn correlated with higher levels of depression; higher extraversion, agreeableness, openness and conscientiousness were linked to higher SE, which subsequently corresponded with lower levels of depression. Therefore, future interventions should focus on social and educational training to promote mental health and boost SE.

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This article discusses the institutional positioning and theoretical dependence of administrative reconsideration as "the main channel of administrative disputes". With the promotion of the construction of the rule of law government in my country, the administrative reconsideration system has transformed from the internal supervision system to the administrative dispute solution mechanism, and its importance is prominent. From January 1, 2024, the newly implemented revision of the Administrative Review Law clearly clarified the role of administrative reconsideration as the main channel of administrative disputes, and provided legal support for the high -quality development of administrative reconsideration. However, the administrative reconsideration system still faces difficulties such as inaccurate functional positioning, small number of cases, confirmation of subject qualification confirmation and incomplete evidence system. The causes of these dilemma involve the administrative reconsideration agencies and institutional levels, the scope of the case, and the choice of multiple solutions. In order to solve these problems, this article analyzes the effects of some judicialization of administrative reconsideration, the unique advantages of administrative reconsideration, the significance of the dual defendant system, and the administrative reconsideration decision to be forced to enforce the mechanism. By optimizing the administrative reconsideration system, effectively changing the existing disputes, improving the overall effectiveness of administrative disputes, enhancing the public's trust in the administrative reconsideration system, and then promoting the in -depth development of the construction of the rule of law government. The research of this article is of great significance for enriching theoretical research and optimization of administrative dispute resolution mechanisms.

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