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[2]. Bailey A., Le Couteur A., Gottesman I., et al. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychol Med. 25, 63-77 (1995).
[3]. Folstein S., Rutter M. Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 18, 297-321 (1977).
[4]. Lichtenstein P., Carlstrom E., Rastam M., Gillberg C., Anckarsater H. The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. Am J Psychiatry. 167, 1357-1363 (2010).
[5]. Constantino JN., Todd RD. Autistic traits in the general population: a twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 60, 524-530 (2003).
[6]. Ronald A., Happe F., Price TS., Baron-Cohen S., Plomin R. Phenotypic and genetic overlap between autistic traits at the extremes of the general population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 45, 1206-1214 (2006).
[7]. Fombonne E. Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 66, 3-8 (2005).
[8]. Baron-Cohen S., Lombardo MV., Auyeung B., Ashwin E., Chakrabarti B., Knickmeyer R. Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males? PLoS Biol. 9, 1001081 (2011).
[9]. Gardener H., Spiegelman D., Buka SL. Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 195, 7-14 (2009).
[10]. DeStefano F, Price C S, Weintraub E S. Increasing exposure to antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides in vaccines is not associated with risk of autism. J Pediatr. 163, 561-567 (2013).
[11]. Ornoy A, Ratzon N, Greenbaum C, et al. School-age children born to diabetic mothers and to mothers with gestational diabetes exhibit a high rate of inattention and fine and gross motor impairment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 14, 681-689 (2001).
[12]. Hadjkacem I, Ayadi H, Turki M, et al. Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder. J Pediatr (Rio J). 92, 595-601 (2016).
[13]. Howlin P, Moore A. Diagnosis in autism: a survey of over 1200 patients in the UK. Autism: Int J Res Pract. 1, 135-62 (1997).
[14]. Osterling J, Dawson G. Early recognition of children with autism: a study of first birthday home video tapes. J Autism Dev Disord. 24, 247-59 (1994).
[15]. Miller DT, Adam MP, Aradhya S, te al. Consensus statement: chromosomal microarray is a first-tier clinical diagnostic test for individuals with developmental disabilities or congenital anomalies [J]. Am J Hum Genet.86(5), 749-764 (2010).
[16]. American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition DSM-5TM. (2013)
[17]. Liu Rui, Bai Hua, Zhang Ruifang. Comparative study of DSM-IV and DSM-5 in diagnosing childrens attention deficit hyperactivity disorders[J]. Chin J child Health Care, Mar. 2022, Vol.30, No.3.
[18]. SAAD J F，KOHN M R，CLARKE S，et al. Is the theta/beta EEG marker for ADHD inherently flawed?[J].Journal of Attention Disorders. 22(9), 815-826 (2018).
[19]. SEN B，BORLE N C，GREINER R，et al. A general prediction model for the detection of ADHD and Autism using structural and functional MRI [J/OL].PloS One. 13(4), 0194856 (2018)
[20]. Ruan Liemin,Lu Changjiang. Research progress on suseptibility genes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]Journal of Ningbo University (version of technology). 14(4), 96-100 (2001).
[21]. Xiao Chaoyue. Etiology of 28 children with hyperactivity disorder. Chinese Journal of Medical doctors. 176-177 (2001).
[22]. Misener VL,Luca P,Azeke O,et al.Linkage of the dopamine receptor D1 gene to attention -deficit/hyperactivity disorder [J].Mol psychiatry. 9(5), 500-509 (2004).
[23]. Catherine A.Lesesne,Susanna N.Visser,Carla P.White. Attwntion Deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children: association with maternal mental health and use of health care resources.Pediatrics. 111(5), 1232-1237 (2003).
[24]. Polanczyk G.The worldwide Prevalence of ADHD:A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis[J].American Journal of Psychiatry.164(6), 942 (2007).
[25]. Nutt D J.The full cost and burden of disorders of the brain in Europe exposed for the first time[J].Eur Neuropsychopharmacol.21(20), 715-717 (2011).
[26]. Polanczyk G V,Salum G A,Sugaya L S,et al.Annual research review:A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents[J].J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 56(3), 345-365 (2015).
[27]. Sivertsen B,Harvey A G,Pallensen S,et al.Mental health problems in adolescents with delayed sleep phase:result from a large population-based study in Norway[J].J Sleep Res.24(1), 11-18 (2015).
[28]. Glozier N,O’dea B,Mcgorry P D,et al.Delayed sleep onset in depressed young people[J].BMC Psychiatry. 14, 33 (2014).
[29]. Liu X Buysse D J,Gentzler A L,et al.Insomnia and hypersomnia associated with depressive phenomenology and comorbidity in childhood depression[J].Sleep. 30(1), 83-89 (2007).
[30]. Biederman J,Faraone S V,Wozniak J,et al.Clinical correlates of cipolar disorder in a large,referred sample of children and adolescents[J].Sleep. 30(1), 83-90 (2007).
[31]. Lai M C, Lombardo M V, Baron-Cohen S. Autism. Lancet. 383, 896-910 (2014).
[32]. Anagnostou E, Hansen R. Medical treatment overview: traditional and novel psycho-pharmacological and complementary and alternative medications. Curr Opin Pediatr. 23, 621-627 (2011).
[33]. Arco J L，Fem6mdez F，Hinojo F．Trastorno per deficit de atecion con hiperaacticividad:intervention psicopedagogic[Attention deities hyperactivity disorder:A psychopedagogical intervention][J].Psicothema. 16, 408-414 (2001).
[34]. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiatr.62, 1266-1274 (2005).
[35]. Wang T,Lin K,Li Z,etal.Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among child enandadolec
[36]. Chen Li.Nutritional factors influencing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its management[J].Journal of Educational Biology. 8(2), 87-92 (2020).
Cite this article
Bao,X. (2023). The Comparison Between Autism and ADHD: Diagnosis and Clinical Treatment. Theoretical and Natural Science,4,293-302.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
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References
[1]. Muhle R., Trentacoste SV., Rapin I. The genetics of autism. Pediatrics. 113,472–486 (2004).
[2]. Bailey A., Le Couteur A., Gottesman I., et al. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychol Med. 25, 63-77 (1995).
[3]. Folstein S., Rutter M. Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 18, 297-321 (1977).
[4]. Lichtenstein P., Carlstrom E., Rastam M., Gillberg C., Anckarsater H. The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. Am J Psychiatry. 167, 1357-1363 (2010).
[5]. Constantino JN., Todd RD. Autistic traits in the general population: a twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 60, 524-530 (2003).
[6]. Ronald A., Happe F., Price TS., Baron-Cohen S., Plomin R. Phenotypic and genetic overlap between autistic traits at the extremes of the general population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 45, 1206-1214 (2006).
[7]. Fombonne E. Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 66, 3-8 (2005).
[8]. Baron-Cohen S., Lombardo MV., Auyeung B., Ashwin E., Chakrabarti B., Knickmeyer R. Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males? PLoS Biol. 9, 1001081 (2011).
[9]. Gardener H., Spiegelman D., Buka SL. Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 195, 7-14 (2009).
[10]. DeStefano F, Price C S, Weintraub E S. Increasing exposure to antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides in vaccines is not associated with risk of autism. J Pediatr. 163, 561-567 (2013).
[11]. Ornoy A, Ratzon N, Greenbaum C, et al. School-age children born to diabetic mothers and to mothers with gestational diabetes exhibit a high rate of inattention and fine and gross motor impairment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 14, 681-689 (2001).
[12]. Hadjkacem I, Ayadi H, Turki M, et al. Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder. J Pediatr (Rio J). 92, 595-601 (2016).
[13]. Howlin P, Moore A. Diagnosis in autism: a survey of over 1200 patients in the UK. Autism: Int J Res Pract. 1, 135-62 (1997).
[14]. Osterling J, Dawson G. Early recognition of children with autism: a study of first birthday home video tapes. J Autism Dev Disord. 24, 247-59 (1994).
[15]. Miller DT, Adam MP, Aradhya S, te al. Consensus statement: chromosomal microarray is a first-tier clinical diagnostic test for individuals with developmental disabilities or congenital anomalies [J]. Am J Hum Genet.86(5), 749-764 (2010).
[16]. American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition DSM-5TM. (2013)
[17]. Liu Rui, Bai Hua, Zhang Ruifang. Comparative study of DSM-IV and DSM-5 in diagnosing childrens attention deficit hyperactivity disorders[J]. Chin J child Health Care, Mar. 2022, Vol.30, No.3.
[18]. SAAD J F，KOHN M R，CLARKE S，et al. Is the theta/beta EEG marker for ADHD inherently flawed?[J].Journal of Attention Disorders. 22(9), 815-826 (2018).
[19]. SEN B，BORLE N C，GREINER R，et al. A general prediction model for the detection of ADHD and Autism using structural and functional MRI [J/OL].PloS One. 13(4), 0194856 (2018)
[20]. Ruan Liemin,Lu Changjiang. Research progress on suseptibility genes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]Journal of Ningbo University (version of technology). 14(4), 96-100 (2001).
[21]. Xiao Chaoyue. Etiology of 28 children with hyperactivity disorder. Chinese Journal of Medical doctors. 176-177 (2001).
[22]. Misener VL,Luca P,Azeke O,et al.Linkage of the dopamine receptor D1 gene to attention -deficit/hyperactivity disorder [J].Mol psychiatry. 9(5), 500-509 (2004).
[23]. Catherine A.Lesesne,Susanna N.Visser,Carla P.White. Attwntion Deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children: association with maternal mental health and use of health care resources.Pediatrics. 111(5), 1232-1237 (2003).
[24]. Polanczyk G.The worldwide Prevalence of ADHD:A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis[J].American Journal of Psychiatry.164(6), 942 (2007).
[25]. Nutt D J.The full cost and burden of disorders of the brain in Europe exposed for the first time[J].Eur Neuropsychopharmacol.21(20), 715-717 (2011).
[26]. Polanczyk G V,Salum G A,Sugaya L S,et al.Annual research review:A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents[J].J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 56(3), 345-365 (2015).
[27]. Sivertsen B,Harvey A G,Pallensen S,et al.Mental health problems in adolescents with delayed sleep phase:result from a large population-based study in Norway[J].J Sleep Res.24(1), 11-18 (2015).
[28]. Glozier N,O’dea B,Mcgorry P D,et al.Delayed sleep onset in depressed young people[J].BMC Psychiatry. 14, 33 (2014).
[29]. Liu X Buysse D J,Gentzler A L,et al.Insomnia and hypersomnia associated with depressive phenomenology and comorbidity in childhood depression[J].Sleep. 30(1), 83-89 (2007).
[30]. Biederman J,Faraone S V,Wozniak J,et al.Clinical correlates of cipolar disorder in a large,referred sample of children and adolescents[J].Sleep. 30(1), 83-90 (2007).
[31]. Lai M C, Lombardo M V, Baron-Cohen S. Autism. Lancet. 383, 896-910 (2014).
[32]. Anagnostou E, Hansen R. Medical treatment overview: traditional and novel psycho-pharmacological and complementary and alternative medications. Curr Opin Pediatr. 23, 621-627 (2011).
[33]. Arco J L，Fem6mdez F，Hinojo F．Trastorno per deficit de atecion con hiperaacticividad:intervention psicopedagogic[Attention deities hyperactivity disorder:A psychopedagogical intervention][J].Psicothema. 16, 408-414 (2001).
[34]. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiatr.62, 1266-1274 (2005).
[35]. Wang T,Lin K,Li Z,etal.Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among child enandadolec
[36]. Chen Li.Nutritional factors influencing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its management[J].Journal of Educational Biology. 8(2), 87-92 (2020).