Download pdf
A potential treatment of schizophrenia through mitigating the neurotransmitter imbalance: ADX71149
- 1 University of California, Los Angeles, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been characterized with positive symptoms and negative symptoms. The cardinal symptoms of schizophrenia were described to be the presence of delusions and hallucination as well as sensation associated with psychosis, the general loss of touch with reality. There are several known causes or general trends that lead to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia has heavy ties with genetic factors. Its causes are linked to genetic factors, with candidate genes like COMT and DISC1 being studied for their impact on symptom severity. Substance-induced psychosis, particularly from cannabis, increases the risk of transitioning to schizophrenia spectrum disorder by 30-40% within three years. New discovery displays that the positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia have been correlated with an imbalance in interactive dopamine-glutamate circuitry between the striatum and the prefrontal cortex. Newly developed metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators such as ADX71149, regulate glutamate and dopamine release, showing better results for both positive and negative symptoms compared to older dopamine antagonist medications. ADX71149 holds several advantages over the previously developed antipsychotic medication as previous medication mainly revolves around the mechanism of being a dopamine antagonist. Previous psychotic medication, although effective against positive symptoms of schizophrenia, can potentially worsen the severity of negative symptoms, ADX71149, being able to regulate both pathways and subsequently mitigate this issue. ADX71149 may also enhance combination therapies with cognitive behavioral therapy and other patient-professional interactions.
Keywords
Schizophrenia, Glutamate, Dopamine.
[1]. National Health Service. (n.d.). Schizophrenia causes. NHS. Retrieved July 28, 2024, from https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/
[2]. Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. (2017). Schizophrenia: Current concepts and treatment. Am J Psychiatry, 174(3), 226-239. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17020223
[3]. Miller, R., & Geyer, M. A. (2020). The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the treatment of schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry, 11, 596609. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.596609
[4]. Meyer, J. M., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2006). Antipsychotic drugs: Mechanisms and potential for new treatments. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 8(3), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-006-0067-4
[5]. Roffman, J. L., & Wexler, B. E. (2017). Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for schizophrenia treatment. Front Psychiatry, 8, 225. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00225
[6]. Keshavan, M. S., & Tandon, R. (2014). Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative aspects of schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 16(10), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0505-0
[7]. Henter, I. D., & Lewis, D. A. (2021). Cortical thickness and its association with cognitive and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, 47(3), 624-635. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab005
[8]. Li, X., & Wang, J. (2020). The role of glutamate in schizophrenia: Pathophysiology and treatment. Front Psychiatry, 11, 236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00236
[9]. Nielsen, J., & McKenna, B. (2017). Dopamine and glutamate interactions in the treatment of schizophrenia: A review of recent findings. Front Psychiatry, 8, 99. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00099
[10]. Crespo-Facorro, B., & Kim, J. J. (2022). Advances in the treatment of schizophrenia: Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators and their potential impact. Front Psychiatry, 13, 873294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.873294
[11]. Miller, R., & Geyer, M. A. (2024). Advances in the understanding of metabotropic glutamate receptor function in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry, 15, 10023794. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.10023794
[12]. Buchweitz, A., & Geyer, M. A. (2019). Dopamine and glutamate interactions in schizophrenia: The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Front Neurosci, 13, 675. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00675
[13]. Meyer, J. M., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2011). A review of the role of dopamine and glutamate in schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 13(5), 346-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-011-0230-4
[14]. Meyer, J. M., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2016). Antipsychotic medications and the treatment of schizophrenia: Advances and challenges. Front Psychiatry, 7, 68. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00068
[15]. Meyer, J. M., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2018). The role of antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia: An overview. J Clin Psychiatry, 79(4), 294-306. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17r11867
[16]. Nora, R. (2019). Schizophrenia: Diagnosis, treatment, and current research. In Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders (pp. 123-145). NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448156/
[17]. Meyer, J. M., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2015). Antipsychotic drugs and the treatment of schizophrenia: An update on current therapies. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 17(4), 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0593-4
[18]. Sartorius, A., & Volf, I. (2016). AZD8529, a positive allosteric modulator at the mGluR2 receptor, does not improve symptoms in schizophrenia: A proof-of-principle study. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301726006_AZD8529_a_positive_allosteric_modulator_at_the_mGluR2_receptor_does_not_improve_symptoms_in_schizophrenia_A_proof_of_principle_study
[19]. Krystal, J. H., & Karper, L. P. (2019). The role of glutamate in schizophrenia: A review of current research and treatment strategies. Front Psychiatry, 10, 357. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00357
[20]. Keshavan, M. S., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2012). The role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 137(1-3), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.008
[21]. Stefansson, H., & Rujescu, D. (2021). Genetic and environmental factors in the development of schizophrenia: Insights from recent research. Schizophr Bull, 47(3), 650-661. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa096
Cite this article
Ye,J. (2024). A potential treatment of schizophrenia through mitigating the neurotransmitter imbalance: ADX71149. Theoretical and Natural Science,62,154-159.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
Disclaimer/Publisher's Note
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s). EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
About volume
Volume title: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science
© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who
publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this
series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published
version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial
publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and
during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See
Open access policy for details).