A Comparative Study of the Production and Storage Cost Pptimization of Liquid Hydrogen and Ammonia as Green Energy Carriers

Research Article
Open access

A Comparative Study of the Production and Storage Cost Pptimization of Liquid Hydrogen and Ammonia as Green Energy Carriers

Ziyu Liu 1* , Zhengyuan Liu 2 , Sibo Wang 3 , Yunkai Zeng 4
  • 1 Queen Mary University of London    
  • 2 Leicester International College, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China    
  • 3 Sedbergh high school    
  • 4 Gilmour Academy    
  • *corresponding author 2158499469@qq.com
Published on 20 June 2025 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2025.24109
TNS Vol.116
ISSN (Print): 2753-8826
ISSN (Online): 2753-8818
ISBN (Print): 978-1-80590-197-6
ISBN (Online): 978-1-80590-198-3

Abstract

As the world's largest energy-consuming and carbon-emitting country, China's dependence on fossil fuels is very serious, so its environmental protection issues will be crucial. The Chinese government also claims to gradually promote carbon neutrality between 2030 and 2060. In this context, China will actively promote the use and construction of clean energy, and hydrogen energy will be a key development target of clean energy as it could reduce carbon emissions and promote the realization of carbon neutrality. However, the biggest challenge in the current use and popularization of hydrogen energy lies in its high storage and security maintenance cost owing to the instability of hydrogen gas and vague construction goals. Regarding this, Safer hydrogen energy carriers such as NH3 and liquified H2 are promising candidates as an energy vector. To determine the appropriate carrier, this study has adopted an optimization model to explore the minimum cost and optimal construction scale of production and storage steps for two different hydrogen energy carriers (liquefied hydrogen and ammonia) within one year. It shows that liquefied hydrogen had a lower unit cost, which makes it a more economical hydrogen energy carrier than ammonia gas, greatly reducing the unit cost of hydrogen energy and factory construction costs. This study provides economic guidance for future hydrogen energy production and construction, avoids more expenses being wasted, and promotes the popularization of hydrogen energy.

Keywords:

carbon neutrality, hydrogen energy, optimization models, economic benefit

Liu,Z.;Liu,Z.;Wang,S.;Zeng,Y. (2025). A Comparative Study of the Production and Storage Cost Pptimization of Liquid Hydrogen and Ammonia as Green Energy Carriers. Theoretical and Natural Science,116,106-112.
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References

[1]. Hassan, A., Ilyas, S.Z., Jalil, A., Ullah, Z. (2021) Monetization of the environmental damage caused by fossil fuels. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28: 21204-21211.

[2]. Huang, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhong, R., Wei, C., Zhu, B. (2024) Hydrogen energy development in China: Potential assessment and policy implications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 49: 659-669.

[3]. Huete, J., Pilidis, P. (2021) Parametric study on tank integration for hydrogen civil aviation propulsion. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46: 37049-37062.

[4]. Spatolisano, E., Restelli, F., Pellegrini, L.A., Cattaneo, S., de Angelis, A.R., Lainati, A., Roccaro, E. (2024) Liquefied hydrogen, ammonia and liquid organic hydrogen carriers for harbour-to-harbour hydrogen transport: A sensitivity study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 80: 1424-1431.

[5]. Spatolisano, E., Restelli, F., Pellegrini, L.A., Cattaneo, S., de Angelis, A.R., Lainati, A., Roccaro, E. (2024) Liquefied hydrogen, ammonia and liquid organic hydrogen carriers for harbour-to-harbour hydrogen transport: A sensitivity study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 80: 1424-1431.

[6]. Taljegard, M., Brynolf, S., Grahn, M., Andersson, K., & Johnson, H. (2014). Cost-Effective Choices of Marine Fuels in a Carbon-Constrained World: Results from a Global Energy Model. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(21), 12986-12993.

[7]. Graham, P., Hayward, J., Foster, J., & Havas, L. (2020). GenCost 2019-20.

[8]. Frieden, F., Leker, J. (2024) Future costs of hydrogen: a quantitative review. Sustainable Energy & Fuels.

[9]. Ratnakar, R.R., Gupta, N., Zhang, K., van Doorne, C., Fesmire, J., Dindoruk, B., Balakotaiah, V. (2021) Hydrogen supply chain and challenges in large-scale LH2 storage and transportation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46: 24149-24168.

Cite this article

Liu,Z.;Liu,Z.;Wang,S.;Zeng,Y. (2025). A Comparative Study of the Production and Storage Cost Pptimization of Liquid Hydrogen and Ammonia as Green Energy Carriers. Theoretical and Natural Science,116,106-112.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Modern Medicine and Global Health

ISBN：978-1-80590-197-6(Print) / 978-1-80590-198-3(Online)
Editor：Sheiladevi Sukumaran
Conference website: https://2025.icmmgh.org/
Conference date: 20 January 2025
Series: Theoretical and Natural Science
Volume number: Vol.116
ISSN：2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

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References

[1]. Hassan, A., Ilyas, S.Z., Jalil, A., Ullah, Z. (2021) Monetization of the environmental damage caused by fossil fuels. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28: 21204-21211.

[2]. Huang, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhong, R., Wei, C., Zhu, B. (2024) Hydrogen energy development in China: Potential assessment and policy implications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 49: 659-669.

[3]. Huete, J., Pilidis, P. (2021) Parametric study on tank integration for hydrogen civil aviation propulsion. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46: 37049-37062.

[4]. Spatolisano, E., Restelli, F., Pellegrini, L.A., Cattaneo, S., de Angelis, A.R., Lainati, A., Roccaro, E. (2024) Liquefied hydrogen, ammonia and liquid organic hydrogen carriers for harbour-to-harbour hydrogen transport: A sensitivity study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 80: 1424-1431.

[5]. Spatolisano, E., Restelli, F., Pellegrini, L.A., Cattaneo, S., de Angelis, A.R., Lainati, A., Roccaro, E. (2024) Liquefied hydrogen, ammonia and liquid organic hydrogen carriers for harbour-to-harbour hydrogen transport: A sensitivity study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 80: 1424-1431.

[6]. Taljegard, M., Brynolf, S., Grahn, M., Andersson, K., & Johnson, H. (2014). Cost-Effective Choices of Marine Fuels in a Carbon-Constrained World: Results from a Global Energy Model. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(21), 12986-12993.

[7]. Graham, P., Hayward, J., Foster, J., & Havas, L. (2020). GenCost 2019-20.

[8]. Frieden, F., Leker, J. (2024) Future costs of hydrogen: a quantitative review. Sustainable Energy & Fuels.

[9]. Ratnakar, R.R., Gupta, N., Zhang, K., van Doorne, C., Fesmire, J., Dindoruk, B., Balakotaiah, V. (2021) Hydrogen supply chain and challenges in large-scale LH2 storage and transportation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46: 24149-24168.

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