Download pdf
Effect of front windshield angle on drag coefficient of electric vehicles
- 1 University of Liverpool
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
This research explores the relationship between the drag coefficient and front windscreen angles regarding to automobile engineering. The previous research indicates that the best angle for the front windscreen to reduce the drag coefficient was less than 45 degrees, and the tilt of the bonnet has a linear relationship with the drag coefficient. However, the ideal angle for the windshield to achieve the lowest possible drag coefficient is also governed by other factors such as road roughness and overall aerodynamic design. As 2D simulations can prove to be an invaluable resource for aerodynamic design, allowing designers to make sharp changes and test new ideas efficiently on the digital stage, this paper uses NURBS modelling techniques and ANSYS CFD-Post to predict liquid dynamics, further enhancing the prediction of the simulation. It can be concluded that reducing the drag coefficient will increase the range of electric vehicles, especially in severe weather conditions like winter. Overall, reducing air resistance has several positive effects on a vehicle, including stability, energy consumption, acceleration, and forward speed.
Keywords
windshield angle, electric vehicle, drag coefficient, computational fluid dynamics
[1]. Hannan, M. A., Azidin, F. A., & Mohamed, A. (2014). Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 135-150.
[2]. Hawkins, T. R., Gausen, O. M., & Strømman, A. H. (2012). Environmental impacts of hybrid and electric vehicles—a review. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 17, 997-1014.
[3]. Lopes, J. A. P., Soares, F. J., & Almeida, P. M. R. (2010). Integration of electric vehicles in the electric power system. Proceedings of the IEEE, 99(1), 168-183.
[4]. Barlow, J. B. Rae, W. H., & Pope, A. (2015) "Low speed wind tunnel testing," INCAS Bulletin, vol. 7, p. 133.
[5]. Karamallah, A. A., & Wahab, A. K. (2011). Experimental determination of drag coefficient on different automobiles geometry. Eng. & Tech. Journal, 29, 3043-3057.
[6]. Marcus, M. A., & Ignatovich, F. (2016). Windshield wedge angle and layer thickness measurements. Lumetrics Inc., Rochester.
[7]. Abdellah, E., & Wang, B. (2017, September). CFD analysis on effect of front windshield angle on aerodynamic drag. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 231, No. 1, p. 012173). IOP Publishing.
[8]. Gunpinar, E., Coskun, U. C., Ozsipahi, M., & Gunpinar, S. (2019). A generative design and drag coefficient prediction system for sedan car side silhouettes based on computational fluid dynamics. Computer-Aided Design, 111, 65-79.
[9]. Sharma, R. B., & Bansal, R. (2013). CFD simulation for flow over passenger car using tail plates for aerodynamic drag reduction. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), 7(5), 28-35.
[10]. Ali, Z., Tyacke, J., Watson, R., Tucker, P. G., & Shahpar, S. (2019). Efficient preprocessing of complex geometries for CFD simulations. International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 33(3), 98-114.
[11]. He, Y., Bayly, A. E., & Hassanpour, A. (2018). Coupling CFD-DEM with dynamic meshing: A new approach for fluid-structure interaction in particle-fluid flows. Powder Technology, 325, 620-631.
[12]. Zawawi, M. H., Saleha, A., Salwa, A., Hassan, N. H., Zahari, N. M., Ramli, M. Z., & Muda, Z. C. (2018, November). A review: Fundamentals of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In AIP conference proceedings (Vol. 2030, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
[13]. BAYINDIRLI, C., & Çelik, M. (2020). The determination of effect of windshield ınclination angle on drag coefficient of a bus model by CFD method. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 9(3), 122-129.
[14]. Abhishek, G., Ramsankar, V., Sreesankaran, M., Sabareesh, G., & Jalaiah, N. (2016). Combined effects of vehicle body geometry and drag reduction techniques on drag coefficient. In 8th International Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Applications, Boston.
Cite this article
Gao,C. (2023). Effect of front windshield angle on drag coefficient of electric vehicles. Theoretical and Natural Science,12,101-107.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
Disclaimer/Publisher's Note
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s). EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
About volume
Volume title: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Mathematical Physics and Computational Simulation
© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who
publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this
series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published
version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial
publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and
during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See
Open access policy for details).