Cattle’s Optimal Diet

Research Article
Open access

Cattle’s Optimal Diet

Yunjia Zhang 1* , ZiLi Su 2 , Cheng Zhu 3
  • 1 Mercer Island High School, Mercer Island, WA, 98040, United States    
  • 2 School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Edison, 08817, United States    
  • 3 Wuhan Britain-China School, Wuhan, 430000, China    
  • *corresponding author yunjia2006@gmail.com
Published on 21 March 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/4/20221079
AEMPS Vol.4
ISSN (Print): 2754-1177
ISSN (Online): 2754-1169
ISBN (Print): 978-1-915371-17-1
ISBN (Online): 978-1-915371-18-8

Abstract

Linear programming is an important mathematical technique, which is widely used in military operations, economic analysis, management, and engineering technology to find the optimal choice. Moreover, it is useful when trying to find the best outcome that involves several resource constraints, like animal diet. In this paper, we will become cattle ranchers, trying to figure out the best combination of feeds for the three groups of cattle. We also considered the cattle’s environmental impact, methane emission, into the linear program. The goal is to minimize the cost while balancing the cattle’s nutritional needs and lowering methane emissions. The Simplex Loop used to solve linear programs is also explained, however, we used MATLAB to arrive at the solution.

Keywords:

linear optimization, Simplex Method., methane emission, cattle diet problem

Zhang,Y.;Su,Z.;Zhu,C. (2023). Cattle’s Optimal Diet. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences,4,303-311.
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References

[1]. History of eating beef. D'Artagnan. (2012, August 12). Retrieved July 21, 2022, from https://www.dartagnan.com/history-of-domesticated-beef.html

[2]. Carpenter, K. J. (2003, October 1). A Short History of Nutritional Science: . Academic.oup.com. Retrieved July 21, 2022, from https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/133/10/3023/4687555

[3]. Jones, E. (2021, November 12). Yes, cattle are the top source of methane emissions in the US. verifythis.com. Retrieved July 21, 2022, from https://www.verifythis.com/article/news/verify/environment-verify/cattle-cows-the-top-source-of-methane-emissions-in-united-states/536-8d5bf326-6955-4a9c-8ea5-761d73ba464c

[4]. Methane: A crucial opportunity in the Climate Fight. Environmental Defense Fund. (2019, March 14). Retrieved July 19, 2022, from https://www.edf.org/climate/methane-crucial-opportunity-climate-fight

[5]. Cook, R. | P. on: J. (2022, July 18). Top 10 states with the most cattle. Beef2Live. Retrieved June 26, 2022, from https://www.beef2live.com/story-top-10-states-cattle-0-110713

[6]. Mitloehner , F. (2019, October 23). How do cattle produce methane? CLEAR Center. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from https://clear.ucdavis.edu/explainers/how-do-cows-produce-methane

[7]. Animal Feed and Nutrition products. Cargill. (n.d.). Retrieved July 3, 2022, from https://www.cargill.com/animal-nutrition/brands/cargill

[8]. Barbie Cervoni MS, R. D. (2021, September 7). Beets nutrition facts and health benefits. Verywell Fit. Retrieved July 2, 2022, from https://www.verywellfit.com/beets-nutrition-facts-calories-and-their-health-benefits-4116852

[9]. Fooddata Central Search Results. FoodData Central. (n.d.). Retrieved July 5, 2022, from https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169739/nutrients

[10]. Foreword. FOOD COMPOSITION TABLE FOR USE IN EAST ASIA 1972. (n.d.). Retrieved July 4, 2022, from https://www.fao.org/3/X6878E/X6878E00.htm

[11]. Li, H. Y. (2012, May 23). Food. MeiShiTianXia. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from https://www.meishichina.com/YuanLiao/DaMi/useful/

[12]. Radunz, A. (n.d.). Hay Analysis Guide for beef cattle - extension. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/wbic/files/2011/11/Hay-feed-analysis-draft-4.pdf

[13]. Rice, J. M., Caldwell, D. F., & Humenik, F. J. (2006). In Animal Agriculture and the environment: National center for manure and animal waste management white papers (pp. 10.30–10.31). essay, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.

[14]. Water, tap. Water, tap nutrition facts and analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved July 3, 2022, from https://www.nutritionvalue.org/Water%2C_tap_94000100_nutritional_value.html

[15]. Woods, G.-L. (2019, January 10). Alfalfa Hay Nutrition Information. Our Everyday Life. Retrieved July 4, 2022, from https://oureverydaylife.com/276568-alfalfa-hay-nutrition-information.html

[16]. Diet and nutrition for cattle. Nutrena. (2017, March 23). Retrieved July 12, 2022, from https://www.nutrenaworld.com/blog/diet-and-nutrition-for-cattle

[17]. HMILTON, T. (2015, September 28). Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Basic Beef Cattle Nutrition. Retrieved July 10, 2022, from http://omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/beef/facts/91-066.htm#NUTRIENTS

[18]. Lalman, D. (n.d.). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle - OSU extension. Retrieved July 4, 2022, from https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/e/nutrient-requirements-of-beef-cattle-e-974.pdf

[19]. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Basic Beef Cattle Nutrition. (1991, September 21). Retrieved July 2, 2022, from http://omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/beef/facts/91-066.htm#NUTRIENTS

[20]. National Academy Press. (2000). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle.

[21]. Halich, G. (2005, January 12). Cow-calf profitability estimates for 2020 and 2021 (Spring Calving herd). Cow-Calf Profitability Estimates for 2020 and 2021 (Spring Calving Herd) | Agricultural Economics. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://agecon.ca.uky.edu/cow-calf-profitability-estimates-2020-and-2021-spring-calving-herd

[22]. Beef2022 data - 2001-2021 historical - 2023 forecast - price - quote - chart. Beef - 2022 Data - 2001-2021 Historical - 2023 Forecast - Price - Quote - Chart. (2012, December 1). Retrieved June 27, 2022, from https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/beef

[23]. Daily beef reports. Daily Beef Reports | Agricultural Marketing Service. (n.d.). Retrieved July 4, 2022, from https://www.ams.usda.gov/market-news/daily-beef-reports

[24]. Reynold. (2012, February 3). (Reynolds Livestock, LLC - Dodgeville, WI). (Reynolds Livestock, LLC - Dodgeville, WI) Picture Scrapbook. Retrieved July 11, 2022, from https://www.reynoldslivestock.com/newpage1

[25]. Mathworks. (n.d.). F. Solve linear programming problems - MATLAB. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://www.mathworks.com/help/optim/ug/linprog.html

Cite this article

Zhang,Y.;Su,Z.;Zhu,C. (2023). Cattle’s Optimal Diet. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences,4,303-311.

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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Economic Management and Green Development (ICEMGD 2022), Part Ⅱ

ISBN：978-1-915371-17-1(Print) / 978-1-915371-18-8(Online)
Editor：Canh Thien Dang, Javier Cifuentes-Faura
Conference website: https://www.icemgd.org/
Conference date: 6 August 2022
Series: Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences
Volume number: Vol.4
ISSN：2754-1169(Print) / 2754-1177(Online)

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References

[1]. History of eating beef. D'Artagnan. (2012, August 12). Retrieved July 21, 2022, from https://www.dartagnan.com/history-of-domesticated-beef.html

[2]. Carpenter, K. J. (2003, October 1). A Short History of Nutritional Science: . Academic.oup.com. Retrieved July 21, 2022, from https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/133/10/3023/4687555

[3]. Jones, E. (2021, November 12). Yes, cattle are the top source of methane emissions in the US. verifythis.com. Retrieved July 21, 2022, from https://www.verifythis.com/article/news/verify/environment-verify/cattle-cows-the-top-source-of-methane-emissions-in-united-states/536-8d5bf326-6955-4a9c-8ea5-761d73ba464c

[4]. Methane: A crucial opportunity in the Climate Fight. Environmental Defense Fund. (2019, March 14). Retrieved July 19, 2022, from https://www.edf.org/climate/methane-crucial-opportunity-climate-fight

[5]. Cook, R. | P. on: J. (2022, July 18). Top 10 states with the most cattle. Beef2Live. Retrieved June 26, 2022, from https://www.beef2live.com/story-top-10-states-cattle-0-110713

[6]. Mitloehner , F. (2019, October 23). How do cattle produce methane? CLEAR Center. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from https://clear.ucdavis.edu/explainers/how-do-cows-produce-methane

[7]. Animal Feed and Nutrition products. Cargill. (n.d.). Retrieved July 3, 2022, from https://www.cargill.com/animal-nutrition/brands/cargill

[8]. Barbie Cervoni MS, R. D. (2021, September 7). Beets nutrition facts and health benefits. Verywell Fit. Retrieved July 2, 2022, from https://www.verywellfit.com/beets-nutrition-facts-calories-and-their-health-benefits-4116852

[9]. Fooddata Central Search Results. FoodData Central. (n.d.). Retrieved July 5, 2022, from https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169739/nutrients

[10]. Foreword. FOOD COMPOSITION TABLE FOR USE IN EAST ASIA 1972. (n.d.). Retrieved July 4, 2022, from https://www.fao.org/3/X6878E/X6878E00.htm

[11]. Li, H. Y. (2012, May 23). Food. MeiShiTianXia. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from https://www.meishichina.com/YuanLiao/DaMi/useful/

[12]. Radunz, A. (n.d.). Hay Analysis Guide for beef cattle - extension. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/wbic/files/2011/11/Hay-feed-analysis-draft-4.pdf

[13]. Rice, J. M., Caldwell, D. F., & Humenik, F. J. (2006). In Animal Agriculture and the environment: National center for manure and animal waste management white papers (pp. 10.30–10.31). essay, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.

[14]. Water, tap. Water, tap nutrition facts and analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved July 3, 2022, from https://www.nutritionvalue.org/Water%2C_tap_94000100_nutritional_value.html

[15]. Woods, G.-L. (2019, January 10). Alfalfa Hay Nutrition Information. Our Everyday Life. Retrieved July 4, 2022, from https://oureverydaylife.com/276568-alfalfa-hay-nutrition-information.html

[16]. Diet and nutrition for cattle. Nutrena. (2017, March 23). Retrieved July 12, 2022, from https://www.nutrenaworld.com/blog/diet-and-nutrition-for-cattle

[17]. HMILTON, T. (2015, September 28). Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Basic Beef Cattle Nutrition. Retrieved July 10, 2022, from http://omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/beef/facts/91-066.htm#NUTRIENTS

[18]. Lalman, D. (n.d.). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle - OSU extension. Retrieved July 4, 2022, from https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/e/nutrient-requirements-of-beef-cattle-e-974.pdf

[19]. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Basic Beef Cattle Nutrition. (1991, September 21). Retrieved July 2, 2022, from http://omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/beef/facts/91-066.htm#NUTRIENTS

[20]. National Academy Press. (2000). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle.

[21]. Halich, G. (2005, January 12). Cow-calf profitability estimates for 2020 and 2021 (Spring Calving herd). Cow-Calf Profitability Estimates for 2020 and 2021 (Spring Calving Herd) | Agricultural Economics. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://agecon.ca.uky.edu/cow-calf-profitability-estimates-2020-and-2021-spring-calving-herd

[22]. Beef2022 data - 2001-2021 historical - 2023 forecast - price - quote - chart. Beef - 2022 Data - 2001-2021 Historical - 2023 Forecast - Price - Quote - Chart. (2012, December 1). Retrieved June 27, 2022, from https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/beef

[23]. Daily beef reports. Daily Beef Reports | Agricultural Marketing Service. (n.d.). Retrieved July 4, 2022, from https://www.ams.usda.gov/market-news/daily-beef-reports

[24]. Reynold. (2012, February 3). (Reynolds Livestock, LLC - Dodgeville, WI). (Reynolds Livestock, LLC - Dodgeville, WI) Picture Scrapbook. Retrieved July 11, 2022, from https://www.reynoldslivestock.com/newpage1

[25]. Mathworks. (n.d.). F. Solve linear programming problems - MATLAB. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://www.mathworks.com/help/optim/ug/linprog.html

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