Volume 158

As a common law legal concept, adverse possession plays an important role in maintaining transaction security, stabilizing economic order, saving transaction costs and reducing waste of resources, but its application is controversial because different regions, have different legal provisions and practices of adverse occupation. At the same time, as some jurisdictions face the balance between the protection of original owners’ rights and interests and the promotion of effective resource utilization,, the legal provisions regarding adverse possession are being abolished to meet the development needs of modern society. .These controversies have sparked the reflections and discussions presented in this article. This paper, through the research method of literature review, mainly studies different establishment conditions of adverse possession in different regions. Meanwhile, it explores the demand for social and economic development behind by the virtue of classic cases such as Van Valkenburgh v. Lutz. Evidently, the adverse possession involves legal, economic, social and other levels. Its research is not only helpful to understand the connotation and extension of the specific legal systems, but also has significant guiding implications for China's legal practice and legislative work.

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In light of the sustained yet decelerating growth trajectory of healthcare expenditures in the United States, this paper delves into the major drivers of this phenomenon, with an emphasis on the impact of an aging population on healthcare spending. As the U.S. population aged 65 and older continues to grow, aging is increasingly becoming a significant factor in rising healthcare costs. Furthermore, the increasing cost of healthcare services is a contributing factor to this trend. By analyzing existing data and literature, it examines the key factors contributing to the rise in healthcare costs, including the increased demand for healthcare services among the elderly, the high cost of prescription drugs, and the imbalance between supply and demand in the U.S. healthcare system. In addition, the paper explores the policy measures taken by the U.S. government to address rising healthcare costs, such as health insurance reform, health management for the elderly, and financial subsidies. The results indicate that while healthcare spending in the U.S. remain high, government interventions, such as increasing competition in the insurance market and providing healthcare subsidies, are slowing cost growth to some extent.

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The global debt crisis, typified by rising government debt, jeopardizes global economic stability. This paper focuses on the key factors, which include expansionary fiscal policies, inefficient tax structures, and monetary policy issues such as high interest rates. The consequences are widespread, including unemployment, currency depreciation, financial market instability, and long-term economic stagnation. The research identifies inequities, disturbed global trade factors, and the worsening of poverty as consequences that last. Proposed solutions include progressive taxation, fiscal discipline, strategic monetary policies, and more international collaboration to alleviate fiscal imbalances and foster long-term recovery. This research provides actionable strategies to mitigate the crisis, emphasizing progressive tax reforms, sustainable fiscal and monetary strategies, and international cooperation, offering pathways for governments and institutions to achieve economic recovery and long-term debt sustainability.

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Against the backdrop of economic globalization, an increasing number of grain enterprises have embarked on the path of internationalization. Financial support plays a strategic role in cultivating international grain merchants. Based on case analysis, this paper examines the main characteristics of the internationalization of grain merchants, their financial support demands for global operations, and the practical experiences of supporting national grain merchants. It also proposes targeted innovative financial support paths for the internationalization of grain merchants. The study finds that: (1) The international development of grain merchants primarily features vertically integrated full-industry chains, horizontal diversification, digital transformation, and the integration of production and research in their operational strategies; (2) The global operations of grain merchants present higher financial support demands in areas such as acquisition loans, supply chain financing, trade financing, and cross-border risk management; (3) During the construction of international grain merchants, cross-border acquisition funds have been used for mergers and restructuring, supply chain financing has been employed to improve operational efficiency, and a variety of innovative financial tools have been adopted to mitigate risks. Based on these findings, this paper suggests the need to optimize the financial service system for full-industry chain operations, strengthen the risk management capabilities of transnational operations, and increase financial support for the research and development efforts of grain merchants.

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Food security is a fundamental aspect of national welfare and livelihood, and it forms a critical foundation for stable national development. Food internationalization is increasingly becoming a measure adopted by countries to ensure food security, and establishing major international grain enterprises contributes to maintaining domestic food stability. This paper examines how to cultivate internationally competitive, large-scale grain enterprises. Specifically, it summarizes the competitive landscape of Chinese grain enterprises on the global stage from both macro and micro perspectives, addresses the operational challenges of Chinese grain enterprises in internationalization, and analyzes the development experiences of domestic and international grain enterprises. Furthermore, it proposes targeted policy support pathways. The study indicates that in order to nurture large international grain enterprises, there is a need to integrate vertical resource advantages, strengthen financial support to expand multinational grain enterprises, increase investment in green technology R&D, enhance innovation capacity, and define the regional layout and key areas for the internationalization of grain enterprises.

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Amidst uncertainties of the global economy and new ideals up in the air, new forms of currencies have emerged as a result of globalization. While fiat currency still prevails on the international stage, cryptocurrency has taken advantage to become a vital part of economies. The fact that each of these currencies has its own characteristics, strengths and weaknesses, and is not proportional to economic development has led to a wider debate on the relative benefits of each currency for developing countries. In particular, whether cryptocurrencies can help improve the economic situation in developing countries with their unique advantages. Even though there are limited case studies since cryptocurrency requires some barrier for adoption, theoretical arguments make it sound appealing. Through case studies of El Salvador, Central African Republics, and India with regard to tangible changes brought by cryptocurrency and policy changes, this paper explores how well the theoretical benefits have been implemented in practice. While many intricate factors are reacting to each other with such changes, making the results harder to evaluate with linear measurements, inherent shortcomings in implementations seem to be hindering the benefits of cryptocurrency. Therefore, the results show that the use of cryptocurrency as a legal tender may not lead to an improvement in the economic system and conditions in developing countries due to its high barrier to entry. In order to maximize the benefits of cryptocurrencies, there is a need to improve infrastructure to make cryptocurrencies more accessible.

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The focus of this study is the strategy of Costa Coffee in the Chinese market through its endeavor to analyze the extent to which this brand adapted product offerings to suit local consumers' preferences. This research seeks to establish the degree to which the offerings of Costa Coffee, differentiated for the local market, would influence the choice preference and brand loyalty of the Chinese consumer. The study provides a comprehensive view of consumers' perceptions of the brand, along with the effectiveness of Costa's market strategies by way of interviews with consumers and analysis of market data. The findings indicate that through the development and introduction of beverages and food items at local levels of taste and cultural relevance, Costa Coffee has greatly captured the psyches of Chinese consumers. The approach made Costa Coffee more popular with Chinese consumers but also gave the brand a considerable hike in the sales graph with increased customer loyalty. By blending the global brand identity perfectly with the local flavor, Costa Coffee has set the ideal example for successful localization in the diverse and competitive market.

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This study analyzes the impact of COVID-19 on global supply chains, with a particular focus on the manufacturing industry, and explores how manufacturing firms can improve supply chain resilience and sustainability. Using Apple as a case study, this study examined its response strategies in the face of disruptions, production stoppages, and logistics bottlenecks. Apple has mitigated the impact of the pandemic through measures such as diversifying its supply chain, strengthening supplier cooperation, and technological innovation. This study points out that despite the challenges Apple faced during the pandemic, it has achieved sustainable development of its supply chain through effective resource reuse and green innovation while ensuring production and bringing long-term benefits to the ecological environment and society. The study suggests that future research should expand the sample scope, conduct an in-depth analysis of the long-term impact of supply chain resilience, and strengthen research on the application of digital technology in supply chains to provide more accurate supply chain management recommendations.

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The economic background of concerts can be summarized as follows: During the economic downturn, concerts have become an important consumption mode, driving the development of related industries, and also reflecting the new trend of experiential consumption among young people. The study of concert economy involves many fields, including music industry, marketing, economics, sociology and so on. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate a systematic research method of concert economy, and to deeply explore the operation rules and influencing factors of concert economy through scientific methods and means, so as to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the sustainable development of the music industry. High-quality performances and diverse choices: The performance itself should pay attention to cultural attributes, and the supply side should continue to produce high-quality literary and artistic works. At the same time, the sustained prosperity of a city's performance market needs to rely on the support of normal performances of different categories, and only by constantly innovating and creating high-quality works can the vitality of the market be maintained. To sum up, the concert economy not only brings direct and indirect economic benefits to the city but also promotes the integration of culture and tourism and the diversified development of the consumer market. In the future, with the normalization and rationalization of market trends and the in-depth excavation of urban cultural core, the concert economy is expected to continue to maintain a steady development trend and inject new vitality into urban development.

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Determining the price of financial derivatives and the relationship between the EU carbon emission quota and derivatives price fluctuation are the core of carbon emission quota trading. This has a great impact on the stable development of the carbon emission quota market. This paper collects and uses the market data of financial derivatives, uses EVIEWS as a tool, and uses econometric knowledge to analyze. It is found that the two main factors, best_ask, and best_bid, have a significant impact on financial prices. When analyzing the complexity of the financial derivatives market, this paper not only relies on EVIEWS' intuitive data display function but also skillfully combines many econometric methods such as time series analysis and regression analysis. The comprehensive application of these methods enables us to capture the market dynamics more comprehensively and reveal the deep-seated laws hidden behind the data. This paper provides relevant suggestions for China to promote the green transformation of enterprises and reduce carbon emissions.

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