Volume 105

In the early 1930s, as Japan's aggressive actions against China increasingly threatened American interests in the Asia-Pacific region, the United States adopted a policy of appeasement towards Japan's invasion, a policy that persisted until the outbreak of war in 1941. This paper reexamines the U.S. policy of appeasement towards Japan prior to the Pacific War, exploring the motivations and impacts behind this approach. Despite the very close economic ties between the U.S. and Japan before the war, the U.S.'s non-interventionist stance towards Japan's aggression in China still attracted significant global attention. The paper argues that U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's implementation of the appeasement policy was aimed at overcoming domestic isolationist tendencies in order to more effectively engage in the war. By appeasing Japan and stimulating its aggressive ambitions, the policy sought to reverse the domestic isolationist trend, thereby creating a more favorable domestic political environment for U.S. war preparations.

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In the context of rising divorce rates and shifting attitudes toward romantic relationships among young people, this study examines the impact of parental interactions on young adults' romantic expectations. Grounded in Social Learning Theory and Attachment Theory, a conceptual framework was developed to explore how parental emotional expressions influence their children's views on romance. The hypothesis posited that young people whose parents frequently express positive emotions toward each other would have more optimistic expectations for romantic relationships compared to those whose parents do not. To test this hypothesis, a 21-item questionnaire was administered, and the data were analyzed using correlation methods. The results confirmed that the quality of parental relationships significantly influences young people's romantic outlooks, with those from supportive parental backgrounds exhibiting more positive perspectives. These findings provide valuable insights into the intergenerational transmission of relationship dynamics and suggest the need for future interventions and educational programs aimed at fostering healthier and more fulfilling romantic relationships in subsequent generations.

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This systematic review examines the impact of different educational systems on students' learning performance in mathematics among middle school students in China. In the current educational climate, an increasing number of adolescents are facing learning challenges in a variety of curriculum systems, from unified-textbook public schools to private schools adopting Western curriculum models such as IB, A-level, AP, and others. The increasingly dynamic and shifting environments call for further research in this field. This study employs a systematic screening process to identify 684 articles and a specific analysis of the 15 most relevant journal research papers is conducted through the lens of student learning motivation. The results indicate that numerous factors stimulate students' mathematical performance, including curriculum factors and other non-curriculum factors, such as parental expectations and the duration of private tutoring classes. Some of these factors directly or indirectly demonstrate that curriculum can promote motivation in mathematics learning, which has a positive impact on performance. This result offers insight into the potential future direction for curriculum design and its influence on students' performance and relevant factors.

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Due to various types of injuries, players may miss different numbers of matches. If a key player is absent, it can significantly impact the outcome of games. Even if the player is not central to the coach's strategy, their absence can affect substitutions. Injuries can also impact a player's career; if a player suffers from too many injuries, their athletic career may be shorter than that of healthier players. This is why player’s injuries are a crucial factor in professional sports. Therefore, identifying potential factors that lead to injuries is essential for improving the performance of professional football teams. Quantifying different degrees of injuries is a key step in this research, and using the monetary loss from missed matches to assess injury levels best meets the needs of professional sports managers.

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This systematic review illustrates to what extent artificial intelligence is important in higher-level science learning by using the frameworks of constructivist learning theory and cognitive load theory for guidance. After carefully reading through the 9 studies, it was obvious that AI tools not only facilitate personal learning but also help students develop their problem-solving skills. However, AI’s effects really differ depending on the subjects: Mathematics and Computer Science seem to receive greater attention than any other field. There is also a noticeable gap about the impact of AI on learners: the existing research usually gives educators' viewpoints precedence over firsthand accounts of students' experiences. AI indeed presents more chances to enhance science education, but issues like students’ increasing cognitive load still need to be addressed further. This analysis provides important insights for improving learning experiences in higher science learning and emphasizes that more research should maximize AI integration in the future.

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This study explores the influence of the hukou system on young women's mate selection in Central and Eastern China. The hukou, as a household registration system, plays a crucial role in determining an individual's social and economic status, influencing marital choices in modern China. By employing quantitative and qualitative methods, including questionnaires and in-depth interviews, this research examines how hukou preferences vary across different regions and the factors that shape women's mate selection criteria. The findings reveal that while hukou remains an important consideration, many women prioritize emotional compatibility over hukou status. Furthermore, regional differences show that women in East China emphasize family background more than their counterparts in Central China. This study contributes to understanding how institutional factors, such as the hukou, interact with evolving social values, offering insights into contemporary mate selection practices in China.

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This paper focuses on the effect of work place exclusion and inclusion on male and female’s work-related attitude. Furthermore, we compare the scale of impact and examine how male and female have been affected differently by exclusion and inclusion. This study helps people to cope with exclusion in everyday life and companies to create a better working environment. In the study, participates are randomly assigned into ‘included’ group and ‘exclude’ group. They and their supervisors are going to complete a pre-survey and post-survey to assess the participants’ work attitude before and after either inclusion or exclusion. We expect that work attitude will become more positive after inclusion and more negative after exclusion for both male and female. Additionally, male will be more affected by exclusion. Based on the results, individuals can have better understanding in social relationships and companies can adjust related policies to decrease exclusion, leading up to greater productivity in the organization.

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Behavioral activation (BA) of depression is a structured treatment method supported by empirical support, which allows individuals to participate more in the pleasure of environmental rewards, increases individual enthusiasm, and breaks the vicious cycle of depression avoidance behavior. Since the 1970 s, BA therapy has been repeatedly compared with cognitive therapy, drug therapy and other depression therapies. Its efficacy has been recognized by the American Psychological Association and the general public, but the current research on the mechanism of behavioral activation is still insufficient. Based on the technical description provided in the latest BA empirical articles, this paper gives a brief overview of the history, effectiveness and applicable population of BA, and then attempts to summarize and describe the BA mechanism from three aspects: behavior, cognition and neurobiology.

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This qualitative case study explores the impact of a deviant mother and a non-deviant father on adult marital fidelity influenced by social norms. Focusing on a 50-year-old Han Chinese woman, this study applies Narrative Analysis, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) to the results of semi-structured interviews. The current case study exposes the complexity of linking parental behavior and adult relational outcomes. The father’s passive, non-deviant role provided moral grounding but inadequately counterbalanced the mother’s influence. Exposure to maternal infidelity led to emotional instability and fear of repeating deviant patterns. Surprisingly, PBI results indicated optimal parenting for both parents, contrasting with the participant’s emotional experiences and highlighting quantitative evaluations’ limitations in capturing intricate family dynamics. This study enriches attachment and social learning theories by demonstrating how different parental behaviors influence intimate relationships in adulthood. It underscores the need for nuanced theoretical frameworks accounting for complex family situations and gender dynamics in intergenerational transmission of relationship behaviors. Despite its single-case design, this research offers valuable insights into the psychological mechanisms underlying adult infidelity. It provides direction for future studies and therapeutic interventions, emphasizing the enduring impact of childhood experiences on adult relationships and the importance of considering multifaceted family influences in understanding relational patterns.

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Ever since the realization of climate change in the 19th century, the world has faced an unprecedented and paramount obstacle that it must face collectively. Climate change poses significant threats globally to ecosystems, economies, and societies in general; therefore, it requires coordinated action at all levels of governance. International climate law sprang up in the 20th and 21st centuries as an effort to combat this issue by agglomerating international parties. Among these frameworks, the Paris Agreement stands out as the most recent and influential climate treaty. This paper explicitly analyzes this agreement through the lens of its Nationally Determined Contributions structure and its effectiveness for developing and developed countries. Via the examination of scholarly views as well as several case studies, the results present a gap within the current international climate framework. With this in mind, this research proposes several recommendations in light of these findings, hoping to enhance international cooperation for this climate concern.

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