Efficiencies in the Use of Nanorobots in Targeted Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Cancers

Research Article
Open access

Efficiencies in the Use of Nanorobots in Targeted Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Cancers

Shruti D. Mandrekar 1*
  • 1 Girls in Robotics Inc, 29 Wellesley Way, Marlton, NJ 08053-8628    
  • *corresponding author shruti@girlsinrobotics.org
Published on 28 April 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/4/20220547
TNS Vol.4
ISSN (Print): 2753-8826
ISSN (Online): 2753-8818
ISBN (Print): 978-1-915371-27-0
ISBN (Online): 978-1-915371-28-7

Abstract

Cancer has been one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Accurate diagnosis of these cancers often takes time and traditional treatments may cause harmful side effects on the patients. Nanotechnology has provided revolutionary breakthroughs in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers due to the biocompatibility, accessibility, control, and targeting characteristics of the nanoparticles. This research study focuses on the use of nanoparticles and nanorobots for targeted drug delivery specific to the tumor cells to minimize the adverse side effects of cancer treatment. There are various studies of nanoparticles that have been found to contribute to the drug delivery process. These include “Cornell Dots” (C Dots), bioadhesive nanoparticles, logic-gated nanorobots, and self-propelled autonomous nanorobots. Some of these nanoparticles, like C Dots, focus on the detection of the tumor and signifying the tumor location. Others, such as bioadhesive nanoparticles, are designed for the release of drug candidates once the tumor is detected. This research study aims to identify recommendations for improving upon drug delivery to target tumor cells using combined approaches from these studied uses of nanoparticles. One focus is the use of multi-gated aptamers to release drugs based on certain conditions being met, thus opening the nanostructure to release the drugs. Another option would be the controlled release of a drug using gated aptamers with bioadhesive properties. If these recommendations can be successfully evaluated in laboratory research then it will significantly reduce the need for high doses of chemotherapy, increase the treatment efficiency, and also minimize the side effects of these anti-cancer drugs on the patient.

Keywords:

aptamers, nanorobots, nanoparticles, cancer treatment, drug delivery

Mandrekar,S.D. (2023). Efficiencies in the Use of Nanorobots in Targeted Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Cancers. Theoretical and Natural Science,4,190-196.
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References

[1]. Ulrich Wiesner. (2022, October 7). Prime time: First therapeutic clinical trial of C'dots underway. Cornell Engineering. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.engineering.cornell.edu/news/prime-time-first-therapeutic-clinical-trial-cdots-underway

[2]. Steele, B., & January 31, 2011. (2011, January 31). 'Cornell dots' that light up cancer cells go into clinical trials. Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2011/01/cornell-dots-get-first-trial-humans

[3]. Multiplexed c dots track cancer cells to improve patient care. centerforimmunology.cornell.edu. (2019, December 4). Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://centerforimmunology.cornell.edu/multiplexed-c-dots-track-cancer-cells-to-improve-patient-care/

[4]. Juthani, R., Madajewski, B., Yoo, B., Zhang, L., Chen, P.-M., Chen, F., Turker, M. Z., Ma, K., Overholtzer, M., Longo, V. A., Carlin, S., Aragon-Sanabria, V., Huse, J., Gonen, M., Zanzonico, P., Rudin, C. M., Wiesner, U., Bradbury, M. S., & Brennan, C. W. (2020). Ultrasmall Core-shell silica nanoparticles for precision drug delivery in a high-grade malignant brain tumor model. Clinical Cancer Research, 26[1], 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1834

[5]. Yale School of Medicine. (2016, September 19). Fighting cancer with sticky nanoparticles. Yale School of Medicine. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/fighting-cancer-with-sticky-nanoparticles/

[6]. Douglas, S. M., Bachelet, I., & Church, G. M. (2012). A logic-gated Nanorobot for targeted transport of molecular payloads. Science, 335(6070), 831–834. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1214081

[7]. Li, S., Jiang, Q., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Tian, Y., Song, C., Wang, J., Zou, Y., Anderson, G. J., Han, J.-Y., Chang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Chen, L., Zhou, G., Nie, G., Yan, H., Ding, B., & Zhao, Y. (2018). A DNA nanorobot functions as a cancer therapeutic in response to a molecular trigger in vivo. Nature Biotechnology, 36(3), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4071

[8]. Aye, S., & Sato, Y. (2022). Therapeutic applications of programmable DNA nanostructures. Micromachines, 13(2), 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13020315

[9]. Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Han, Y., & Gong, X. (2022). Micro/Nanorobots for medical diagnosis and disease treatment. Micromachines, 13(5), 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13050648

[10]. Liang, Z., & Fan, D. (2018). Visible light–gated reconfigurable rotary actuation of electric nanomotors. Science Advances, 4(9). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau0981

[11]. Jiang, T., Song, X., Mu, X., & Cheang, U. K. (2022). Macrophage-compatible magnetic achiral nanorobots fabricated by electron beam lithography. Scientific Reports, 12[1]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17053-x

[12]. Andhari, S. S., Wavhale, R. D., Dhobale, K. D., Tawade, B. V., Chate, G. P., Patil, Y. N., Khandare, J. J., & Banerjee, S. S. (2020). Self-propelling targeted magneto-nanobots for deep tumor penetration and PH-responsive intracellular drug delivery. Scientific Reports, 10[1]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61586-y

[13]. Patra, J. K., Das, G., Fraceto, L. F., Campos, E. V., Rodriguez-Torres, M. del, Acosta-Torres, L. S., Diaz-Torres, L. A., Grillo, R., Swamy, M. K., Sharma, S., Habtemariam, S., & Shin, H.-S. (2018). Nano based drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future prospects. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 16[1]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0392-8

[14]. Sanjay, S. T., Zhou, W., Dou, M., Tavakoli, H., Ma, L., Xu, F., & Li, X. J. (2018). Recent advances of controlled drug delivery using microfluidic platforms. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 128, 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.013

[15]. Gregory, J. V., Vogus, D. R., Barajas, A., Cadena, M. A., Mitragotri, S., & Lahann, J. (2020). Programmable delivery of synergistic cancer drug combinations using bicompartmental nanoparticles. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 9(21), 2000564. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202000564

Cite this article

Mandrekar,S.D. (2023). Efficiencies in the Use of Nanorobots in Targeted Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Cancers. Theoretical and Natural Science,4,190-196.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science (ICBioMed 2022), Part II

ISBN：978-1-915371-27-0(Print) / 978-1-915371-28-7(Online)
Editor：Gary Royle, Steven M. Lipkin
Conference website: http://www.icbiomed.org
Conference date: 7 November 2022
Series: Theoretical and Natural Science
Volume number: Vol.4
ISSN：2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

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References

[1]. Ulrich Wiesner. (2022, October 7). Prime time: First therapeutic clinical trial of C'dots underway. Cornell Engineering. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.engineering.cornell.edu/news/prime-time-first-therapeutic-clinical-trial-cdots-underway

[2]. Steele, B., & January 31, 2011. (2011, January 31). 'Cornell dots' that light up cancer cells go into clinical trials. Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2011/01/cornell-dots-get-first-trial-humans

[3]. Multiplexed c dots track cancer cells to improve patient care. centerforimmunology.cornell.edu. (2019, December 4). Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://centerforimmunology.cornell.edu/multiplexed-c-dots-track-cancer-cells-to-improve-patient-care/

[4]. Juthani, R., Madajewski, B., Yoo, B., Zhang, L., Chen, P.-M., Chen, F., Turker, M. Z., Ma, K., Overholtzer, M., Longo, V. A., Carlin, S., Aragon-Sanabria, V., Huse, J., Gonen, M., Zanzonico, P., Rudin, C. M., Wiesner, U., Bradbury, M. S., & Brennan, C. W. (2020). Ultrasmall Core-shell silica nanoparticles for precision drug delivery in a high-grade malignant brain tumor model. Clinical Cancer Research, 26[1], 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1834

[5]. Yale School of Medicine. (2016, September 19). Fighting cancer with sticky nanoparticles. Yale School of Medicine. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/fighting-cancer-with-sticky-nanoparticles/

[6]. Douglas, S. M., Bachelet, I., & Church, G. M. (2012). A logic-gated Nanorobot for targeted transport of molecular payloads. Science, 335(6070), 831–834. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1214081

[7]. Li, S., Jiang, Q., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Tian, Y., Song, C., Wang, J., Zou, Y., Anderson, G. J., Han, J.-Y., Chang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Chen, L., Zhou, G., Nie, G., Yan, H., Ding, B., & Zhao, Y. (2018). A DNA nanorobot functions as a cancer therapeutic in response to a molecular trigger in vivo. Nature Biotechnology, 36(3), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4071

[8]. Aye, S., & Sato, Y. (2022). Therapeutic applications of programmable DNA nanostructures. Micromachines, 13(2), 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13020315

[9]. Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Han, Y., & Gong, X. (2022). Micro/Nanorobots for medical diagnosis and disease treatment. Micromachines, 13(5), 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13050648

[10]. Liang, Z., & Fan, D. (2018). Visible light–gated reconfigurable rotary actuation of electric nanomotors. Science Advances, 4(9). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau0981

[11]. Jiang, T., Song, X., Mu, X., & Cheang, U. K. (2022). Macrophage-compatible magnetic achiral nanorobots fabricated by electron beam lithography. Scientific Reports, 12[1]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17053-x

[12]. Andhari, S. S., Wavhale, R. D., Dhobale, K. D., Tawade, B. V., Chate, G. P., Patil, Y. N., Khandare, J. J., & Banerjee, S. S. (2020). Self-propelling targeted magneto-nanobots for deep tumor penetration and PH-responsive intracellular drug delivery. Scientific Reports, 10[1]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61586-y

[13]. Patra, J. K., Das, G., Fraceto, L. F., Campos, E. V., Rodriguez-Torres, M. del, Acosta-Torres, L. S., Diaz-Torres, L. A., Grillo, R., Swamy, M. K., Sharma, S., Habtemariam, S., & Shin, H.-S. (2018). Nano based drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future prospects. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 16[1]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0392-8

[14]. Sanjay, S. T., Zhou, W., Dou, M., Tavakoli, H., Ma, L., Xu, F., & Li, X. J. (2018). Recent advances of controlled drug delivery using microfluidic platforms. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 128, 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.013

[15]. Gregory, J. V., Vogus, D. R., Barajas, A., Cadena, M. A., Mitragotri, S., & Lahann, J. (2020). Programmable delivery of synergistic cancer drug combinations using bicompartmental nanoparticles. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 9(21), 2000564. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202000564

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