Measurement of the starspots temperature on HATS-2

Research Article
Open access

Measurement of the starspots temperature on HATS-2

Fanlin Meng 1 , Yifan Li 2* , Ziao Zhou 3 , Yi Zhang 4
  • 1 Michigan State University    
  • 2 Jilin University    
  • 3 Tsinglan School    
  • 4 Pennsylvania State University    
  • *corresponding author liyf1118@mails.jlu.edu.cn
TNS Vol.43
ISSN (Print): 2753-8826
ISSN (Online): 2753-8818
ISBN (Print): 978-1-83558-537-5
ISBN (Online): 978-1-83558-538-2

Abstract

The study of exoplanets is a significant branch of astrophysics. And the study of exoplanets could always reveal some properties of host stars. In this work, the latest data from Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite was used to study the transiting exoplanet, HATS-2b. The study of HATS-2b revealed an interesting thing: its host star, HATS-2 shows noticeable starsopt activity. The discovery and analysis of six starspots in 2019 to 2023 is presented in this paper. Numerous anomalies were present in transit light curves of HATS-2, that we interpreted as the planet, HATS-2b occulting dark starspots. This work used a new method by creating a simplified model which is based on the transit method to measure the temperature of starspots, which means that in the future, some researchers who are looking to confirm the existence of starspots on the photosphere of certain stars can use the method in this paper first to measure the approximate temperature of objects they observe in order to investigate whether observed objects are indeed starspots. The work caculated the temperature of six spots, which was determined by applying Planck’s law of radiation: 3477 ± 40 K, 3788 ± 24.5 K, 3881 ± 33.5 K, 3783 ± 117 K, 3256 ± 130 K, 4240 ± 18 K. Additionally, the work refined the planetary parameters of HATS-2b with using the latest data and compared the recent starspot acitvity with data from literature.

Keywords:

Exoplanets, Transit, Starspots, HATS-2

Meng,F.;Li,Y.;Zhou,Z.;Zhang,Y. (2024). Measurement of the starspots temperature on HATS-2. Theoretical and Natural Science,43,139-148.
Export citation

References

[1]. Ballerini P, Micela G, Lanza A F and Pagano I 2012 Astronomy and Astrophysics 539 A140 (Preprint 1201.3514)

[2]. Rabus M, Alonso R, Belmonte J A, Deeg H J, Gilliland R L, Almenara J M, Brown T M, Charbonneau D and Mandushev G 2009 Astronomy and Astrophysics 494 391–397 (Preprint 0812.1799)

[3]. Pont F, Gilliland R L, Moutou C, Charbonneau D, Bouchy F, Brown T M, Mayor M, Queloz D, Santos N and Udry S 2007 Astronomy and Astrophysics 476 1347–1355 (Preprint 0707.1940)

[4]. Silva A V R 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 585 L147–L150

[5]. Watson R D 1988 Astrophysics and Space Science 140 255–290

[6]. Stassun K G, Oelkers R J, Paegert M, Torres G, Pepper J, De Lee N, Collins K, Latham D W, Muirhead P S, Chittidi J, Rojas-Ayala B, Fleming S W, Rose M E, Tenenbaum P, Ting E B, Kane S R, Barclay T, Bean J L, Brassuer C E, Charbonneau D, Ge J, Lissauer J J, Mann A W, McLean B, Mullally S, Narita N, Plavchan P, Ricker G R, Sasselov D, Seager S, Sharma S, Shiao B, Sozzetti A, Stello D, Vanderspek R, Wallace G and Winn J N 2019 The Astronomical Journal 158 138 (Preprint 1905.10694)

[7]. Mohler-Fischer M, Mancini L, Hartman J D, Bakos G ´A, Penev K, Bayliss D, Jord´an A, Csubry Z, Zhou G, Rabus M, Nikolov N, Brahm R, Espinoza N, Buchhave L A, B´eky B, Suc V, Cs´ak B, Henning T, Wright D J, Tinney C G, Addison B C, Schmidt B, Noyes R W, Papp I, L´az´ar J, S´ari P and Conroy P 2013 Astronomy and Astrophysics 558 A55 (Preprint 1304.2140)

[8]. Ivshina E S and Winn J N 2022 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 259 62 (Preprint 2202.03401)

[9]. Sanchis-Ojeda R, Winn J N, Holman M J, Carter J A, Osip D J and Fuentes C I 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 733 127 (Preprint 1103.4859)

[10]. Ricker G R, Winn J N, Vanderspek R, Latham D W, Bakos G ´A, Bean J L, Berta-Thompson Z K, Brown T M, Buchhave L, Butler N R, Butler R P, Chaplin W J, Charbonneau D, Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Clampin M, Deming D, Doty J, De Lee N, Dressing C, Dunham E W, Endl M, Fressin F, Ge J, Henning T, Holman M J, Howard A W, Ida S, Jenkins J M, Jernigan G, Johnson J A, Kaltenegger L, Kawai N, Kjeldsen H, Laughlin G, Levine A M, Lin D, Lissauer J J, MacQueen P, Marcy G, McCullough P R, Morton T D, Narita N, Paegert M, Palle E, Pepe F, Pepper J, Quirrenbach A, Rinehart S A, Sasselov D, Sato B, Seager S, Sozzetti A, Stassun K G, Sullivan P, Szentgyorgyi A, Torres G, Udry S and Villasenor J 2015 Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 1 014003

[11]. Hartman J D, Bakos G ´A, Torres G, Latham D W, Kov´acs G, B´eky B, Quinn S N, Mazeh T, Shporer A, Marcy G W, Howard A W, Fischer D A, Johnson J A, Esquerdo G A, Noyes R W, Sasselov D D, Stefanik R P, Fernandez J M, Szklen´ar T, L´az´ar J, Papp I and S´ari P 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 742 59 (Preprint 1106.1212)

[12]. Winn J N 2010 Exoplanets ed Seager S pp 55–77

[13]. Mandel K and Agol E 2002 The Astrophysical Journal 580 L171–L175 (Preprint astro-ph/0210099)

[14]. Berdyugina S V 2005 Living Reviews in Solar Physics 2 8

[15]. Southworth J, Tregloan-Reed J, Andersen M I, Calchi Novati S, Ciceri S, Colque J P, D’Ago G, Dominik M, Evans D F, Gu S H, Herrera-Cordova A, Hinse T C, Jørgensen U G, Juncher D, Kuffmeier M, Mancini L, Peixinho N, Popovas A, Rabus M, Skottfelt J, Tronsgaard R, Unda-Sanzana E, Wang X B, Wertz O, Alsubai K A, Andersen J M, Bozza V, Bramich D M, Burgdorf M, Damerdji Y, Diehl C, Elyiv A, Figuera Jaimes R, Haugbølle T, Hundertmark M, Kains N, Kerins E, Korhonen H, Liebig C, Mathiasen M, Penny M T, Rahvar S, Scarpetta G, Schmidt R W, Snodgrass C, Starkey D, Surdej J, Vilela C, von Essen C and Wang Y 2016 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 457 4205–4217 (Preprint 1512.05549)

[16]. Bas¸t¨urk ¨O, Esmer E M, Yalc¸ınkaya S, Torun S¸, Mancini L, Helweh F, Karamanlı E, Southworth J, Alis¸ S, W¨unsche A, Tezcan F, Aladag˘ Y, Aksaker N, Tunc¸ E, Davoudi F, Fis¸ek S, Bretton M, Evans D F, Yes¸ilyaprak C, Yılmaz M, Tezcan C T and Yelkenci K 2022 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 512 2062–2081 (Preprint 2203.00299)

[17]. Tregloan-Reed J, Southworth J and Tappert C 2013 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 428 3671–3679 (Preprint 1211.0864)

[18]. Maciejewski G, Raetz S, Nettelmann N, Seeliger M, Adam C, Nowak G and Neuh¨auser R 2011 Astronomy and Astrophysics 535 A7 (Preprint 1109.4749)

[19]. Vidotto A A, Gregory S G, Jardine M, Donati J F, Petit P, Morin J, Folsom C P, Bouvier J, Cameron A C, Hussain G, Marsden S, Waite I A, Fares R, Jeffers S and do Nascimento J D 2014 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 441 2361–2374 (Preprint 1404.2733)

[20]. Flores C, Connelley M S, Reipurth B and Duchˆene G 2022 The Astrophysical Journal 925 21 (Preprint 2111.03957)


Cite this article

Meng,F.;Li,Y.;Zhou,Z.;Zhang,Y. (2024). Measurement of the starspots temperature on HATS-2. Theoretical and Natural Science,43,139-148.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

Disclaimer/Publisher's Note

The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s). EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computing Innovation and Applied Physics

ISBN:978-1-83558-537-5(Print) / 978-1-83558-538-2(Online)
Editor:Yazeed Ghadi
Conference website: https://www.confciap.org/
Conference date: 27 January 2024
Series: Theoretical and Natural Science
Volume number: Vol.43
ISSN:2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open access policy for details).

References

[1]. Ballerini P, Micela G, Lanza A F and Pagano I 2012 Astronomy and Astrophysics 539 A140 (Preprint 1201.3514)

[2]. Rabus M, Alonso R, Belmonte J A, Deeg H J, Gilliland R L, Almenara J M, Brown T M, Charbonneau D and Mandushev G 2009 Astronomy and Astrophysics 494 391–397 (Preprint 0812.1799)

[3]. Pont F, Gilliland R L, Moutou C, Charbonneau D, Bouchy F, Brown T M, Mayor M, Queloz D, Santos N and Udry S 2007 Astronomy and Astrophysics 476 1347–1355 (Preprint 0707.1940)

[4]. Silva A V R 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 585 L147–L150

[5]. Watson R D 1988 Astrophysics and Space Science 140 255–290

[6]. Stassun K G, Oelkers R J, Paegert M, Torres G, Pepper J, De Lee N, Collins K, Latham D W, Muirhead P S, Chittidi J, Rojas-Ayala B, Fleming S W, Rose M E, Tenenbaum P, Ting E B, Kane S R, Barclay T, Bean J L, Brassuer C E, Charbonneau D, Ge J, Lissauer J J, Mann A W, McLean B, Mullally S, Narita N, Plavchan P, Ricker G R, Sasselov D, Seager S, Sharma S, Shiao B, Sozzetti A, Stello D, Vanderspek R, Wallace G and Winn J N 2019 The Astronomical Journal 158 138 (Preprint 1905.10694)

[7]. Mohler-Fischer M, Mancini L, Hartman J D, Bakos G ´A, Penev K, Bayliss D, Jord´an A, Csubry Z, Zhou G, Rabus M, Nikolov N, Brahm R, Espinoza N, Buchhave L A, B´eky B, Suc V, Cs´ak B, Henning T, Wright D J, Tinney C G, Addison B C, Schmidt B, Noyes R W, Papp I, L´az´ar J, S´ari P and Conroy P 2013 Astronomy and Astrophysics 558 A55 (Preprint 1304.2140)

[8]. Ivshina E S and Winn J N 2022 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 259 62 (Preprint 2202.03401)

[9]. Sanchis-Ojeda R, Winn J N, Holman M J, Carter J A, Osip D J and Fuentes C I 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 733 127 (Preprint 1103.4859)

[10]. Ricker G R, Winn J N, Vanderspek R, Latham D W, Bakos G ´A, Bean J L, Berta-Thompson Z K, Brown T M, Buchhave L, Butler N R, Butler R P, Chaplin W J, Charbonneau D, Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Clampin M, Deming D, Doty J, De Lee N, Dressing C, Dunham E W, Endl M, Fressin F, Ge J, Henning T, Holman M J, Howard A W, Ida S, Jenkins J M, Jernigan G, Johnson J A, Kaltenegger L, Kawai N, Kjeldsen H, Laughlin G, Levine A M, Lin D, Lissauer J J, MacQueen P, Marcy G, McCullough P R, Morton T D, Narita N, Paegert M, Palle E, Pepe F, Pepper J, Quirrenbach A, Rinehart S A, Sasselov D, Sato B, Seager S, Sozzetti A, Stassun K G, Sullivan P, Szentgyorgyi A, Torres G, Udry S and Villasenor J 2015 Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 1 014003

[11]. Hartman J D, Bakos G ´A, Torres G, Latham D W, Kov´acs G, B´eky B, Quinn S N, Mazeh T, Shporer A, Marcy G W, Howard A W, Fischer D A, Johnson J A, Esquerdo G A, Noyes R W, Sasselov D D, Stefanik R P, Fernandez J M, Szklen´ar T, L´az´ar J, Papp I and S´ari P 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 742 59 (Preprint 1106.1212)

[12]. Winn J N 2010 Exoplanets ed Seager S pp 55–77

[13]. Mandel K and Agol E 2002 The Astrophysical Journal 580 L171–L175 (Preprint astro-ph/0210099)

[14]. Berdyugina S V 2005 Living Reviews in Solar Physics 2 8

[15]. Southworth J, Tregloan-Reed J, Andersen M I, Calchi Novati S, Ciceri S, Colque J P, D’Ago G, Dominik M, Evans D F, Gu S H, Herrera-Cordova A, Hinse T C, Jørgensen U G, Juncher D, Kuffmeier M, Mancini L, Peixinho N, Popovas A, Rabus M, Skottfelt J, Tronsgaard R, Unda-Sanzana E, Wang X B, Wertz O, Alsubai K A, Andersen J M, Bozza V, Bramich D M, Burgdorf M, Damerdji Y, Diehl C, Elyiv A, Figuera Jaimes R, Haugbølle T, Hundertmark M, Kains N, Kerins E, Korhonen H, Liebig C, Mathiasen M, Penny M T, Rahvar S, Scarpetta G, Schmidt R W, Snodgrass C, Starkey D, Surdej J, Vilela C, von Essen C and Wang Y 2016 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 457 4205–4217 (Preprint 1512.05549)

[16]. Bas¸t¨urk ¨O, Esmer E M, Yalc¸ınkaya S, Torun S¸, Mancini L, Helweh F, Karamanlı E, Southworth J, Alis¸ S, W¨unsche A, Tezcan F, Aladag˘ Y, Aksaker N, Tunc¸ E, Davoudi F, Fis¸ek S, Bretton M, Evans D F, Yes¸ilyaprak C, Yılmaz M, Tezcan C T and Yelkenci K 2022 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 512 2062–2081 (Preprint 2203.00299)

[17]. Tregloan-Reed J, Southworth J and Tappert C 2013 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 428 3671–3679 (Preprint 1211.0864)

[18]. Maciejewski G, Raetz S, Nettelmann N, Seeliger M, Adam C, Nowak G and Neuh¨auser R 2011 Astronomy and Astrophysics 535 A7 (Preprint 1109.4749)

[19]. Vidotto A A, Gregory S G, Jardine M, Donati J F, Petit P, Morin J, Folsom C P, Bouvier J, Cameron A C, Hussain G, Marsden S, Waite I A, Fares R, Jeffers S and do Nascimento J D 2014 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 441 2361–2374 (Preprint 1404.2733)

[20]. Flores C, Connelley M S, Reipurth B and Duchˆene G 2022 The Astrophysical Journal 925 21 (Preprint 2111.03957)