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[2]. Perera, F. (2017). Pollution from Fossil-Fuel Combustion is the Leading Environmental Threat to Global Pediatric Health and Equity: Solutions Exist. International journal of environmental research and public health 15, 16. 10.3390/ijerph15010016.
[3]. Höök, M., and Tang, X. (2013). Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change—A review. Energy policy 52, 797-809. 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.046.
[4]. Yolcan, O.O. (2023). World energy outlook and state of renewable energy: 10-Year evaluation. Innovation and Green Development 2, 100070. 10.1016/j.igd.2023.100070.
[5]. Getachew, D., Mulugeta, K., Gemechu, G., and Murugesan, K. (2020). Values and drawbacks of biofuel production from microalgae. Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports 7, 1-6.
[6]. Malode, S.J., Prabhu, K.K., Mascarenhas, R.J., Shetti, N.P., and Aminabhavi, T.M. (2021). Recent advances and viability in biofuel production. Energy conversion and management. X 10, 100070. 10.1016/j.ecmx.2020.100070.
[7]. Quinn, J.C., and Davis, R. (2015). The potentials and challenges of algae based biofuels: A review of the techno-economic, life cycle, and resource assessment modeling. Bioresource technology 184, 444-452. 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.075.
[8]. Morais, A.R., Dworakowska, S., Reis, A., Gouveia, L., Matos, C.T., Bogdał, D., and Bogel-Łukasik, R. (2015). Chemical and biological-based isoprene production: Green metrics. Catalysis Today 239, 38-43.
[9]. Sharkey, T.D., Wiberley, A.E., and Donohue, A.R. (2008). Isoprene Emission from Plants: Why and How. Annals of botany 101, 5-18. 10.1093/aob/mcm240.
[10]. Yahya, R.Z., Wellman, G.B., Overmans, S., and Lauersen, K.J. (2023). Engineered production of isoprene from the model green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Metabolic engineering communications 16, e00221-e00221. 10.1016/j.mec.2023.e00221.
[11]. Abdallah, M.N., Wellman, G.B., Overmans, S., and Lauersen, K.J. (2022). Combinatorial Engineering Enables Photoautotrophic Growth in High Cell Density Phosphite-Buffered Media to Support Engineered Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Bio-Production Concepts. Frontiers in microbiology 13, 885840-885840. 10.3389/fmicb.2022.885840.
[12]. Kropat, J., Hong‐Hermesdorf, A., Casero, D., Ent, P., Castruita, M., Pellegrini, M., Merchant, S.S., and Malasarn, D. (2011). A revised mineral nutrient supplement increases biomass and growth rate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Plant Journal 66, 770-780.
[13]. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2024). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6557, Isoprene. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Isoprene.
[14]. Weraduwage, S.M., Rasulov, B., Sahu, A., Niinemets, Ü., and Sharkey, T.D. (2022). Isoprene measurements to assess plant hydrocarbon emissions and the methylerythritol pathway. In pp. 211-237. 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.020.
[15]. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P.I., and Geron, C. (2006). Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmospheric chemistry and physics 6, 3181-3210. 10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006.
[16]. Perez-Gil, J., Behrendorff, J., Douw, A., and Vickers, C.E. (2024). The methylerythritol phosphate pathway as an oxidative stress sense and response system. Nature communications 15, 5303-5314. 10.1038/s41467-024-49483-8.
[17]. Chaves, J.E., Rueda-Romero, P., Kirst, H., and Melis, A. (2017). Engineering Isoprene Synthase Expression and Activity in Cyanobacteria. ACS synthetic biology 6, 2281-2292. 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00214.
[18]. Zhao, Y., Yang, J., Qin, B., Li, Y., Sun, Y., Su, S., and Xian, M. (2011). Biosynthesis of isoprene in Escherichia coli via methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 90, 1915-1922. 10.1007/s00253-011-3199-1.
[19]. Keller, C.L., Walkling, C.J., Zhang, D.D., Baldwin, L.C., Austin, J.S., and Harvey, B.G. (2023). Designer Biosynthetic Jet Fuels Derived from Isoprene and α‑Olefins. ACS sustainable chemistry & engineering 11, 4030-4039. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05297.
[20]. Rosenkoetter, K.E., Kennedy, C.R., Chirik, P.J., and Harvey, B.G. (2019). [4 + 4]-cycloaddition of isoprene for the production of high-performance bio-based jet fuel. Green chemistry : an international journal and green chemistry resource : GC 21, 5616-5623. 10.1039/c9gc02404b.
[21]. Ye, L., Lv, X., and Yu, H. (2016). Engineering microbes for isoprene production. Metabolic engineering 38, 125-138. 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.07.005.
[22]. Chaves, J.E., and Melis, A. (2018). Engineering isoprene synthesis in cyanobacteria. FEBS letters 592, 2059-2069. 10.1002/1873-3468.13052.
[23]. Vranová, E., Coman, D., and Gruissem, W. (2013). Network analysis of the MVA and MEP pathways for isoprenoid synthesis. Annual review of plant biology 64, 665-700. 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120116.
[24]. Huang, P.-W., Wang, L.-R., Geng, S.-S., Ye, C., Sun, X.-M., and Huang, H. (2021). Strategies for enhancing terpenoids accumulation in microalgae. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 105, 4919-4930. 10.1007/s00253-021-11368-x.
[25]. Weise, S.E., Li, Z., Sutter, A.E., Corrion, A., Banerjee, A., and Sharkey, T.D. (2013). Measuring dimethylallyl diphosphate available for isoprene synthesis. Analytical biochemistry 435, 27-34. 10.1016/j.ab.2012.11.031.
[26]. Davies, F.K., Jinkerson, R.E., and Posewitz, M.C. (2015). Toward a photosynthetic microbial platform for terpenoid engineering. Photosynthesis research 123, 265-284.
[27]. Lohr, M., Schwender, J., and Polle, J.E.W. (2012). Isoprenoid biosynthesis in eukaryotic phototrophs: A spotlight on algae. Plant Science 185-186, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.018.
[28]. Liu, H., Wang, Y., Tang, Q., Kong, W., Chung, W.-J., and Lu, T. (2014). MEP pathway-mediated isopentenol production in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Microbial cell factories 13, 135-135. 10.1186/s12934-014-0135-y.
[29]. Yang, J., Xian, M., Su, S., Zhao, G., Nie, Q., Jiang, X., Zheng, Y., and Liu, W. (2012). Enhancing production of bio-isoprene using hybrid MVA pathway and isoprene synthase in E. coli. PloS one 7, e33509. 10.1371/journal.pone.0033509.
[30]. Sharkey, T.D., Gray, D.W., Pell, H.K., Breneman, S.R., and Topper, L. (2013). ISOPRENE SYNTHASE GENES FORM A MONOPHYLETIC CLADE OF ACYCLIC TERPENE SYNTHASES IN THE TPS-B TERPENE SYNTHASE FAMILY. Evolution 67, 1026-1040. 10.1111/evo.12013.
[31]. Abdallah, M., Wellman, G., Overmans, S., and Lauersen, K.J. (2023). Investigating the capacity for heterologous sesquiterpenoid production from sub-cellular compartments of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
[32]. Gutiérrez, S., Overmans, S., Wellman, G.B., Samaras, V.G., Oviedo, C., Gede, M., Szekely, G., and Lauersen, K.J. (2024). A synthetic biology and green bioprocess approach to recreate agarwood sesquiterpenoid mixtures. Green Chemistry 26, 2577-2591.
[33]. Scholz, M.J., Weiss, T.L., Jinkerson, R.E., Jing, J., Roth, R., Goodenough, U., Posewitz, M.C., and Gerken, H.G. (2014). Ultrastructure and composition of the Nannochloropsis gaditana cell wall. Eukaryotic cell 13, 1450-1464.
[34]. Bellido-Pedraza, C.M., Torres, M.J., and Llamas, A. (2024). The Microalgae Chlamydomonas for Bioremediation and Bioproduct Production. Cells 13. 10.3390/cells13131137.
[35]. Perozeni, F., Pivato, M., Angelini, M., Maricchiolo, E., Pompa, A., and Ballottari, M. (2023). Towards microalga-based superfoods: heterologous expression of zeolin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Frontiers in plant science 14, 1184064-1184064. 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184064.
[36]. Perozeni, F., Pivato, M., Angelini, M., Maricchiolo, E., Pompa, A., and Ballottari, M. (2023). Towards microalga-based superfoods: heterologous expression of zeolin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Frontiers in plant science 14, 1184064-1184064. 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184064.
[37]. Barolo, L., Commault, A.S., Abbriano, R.M., Padula, M.P., Kim, M., Kuzhiumparambil, U., Ralph, P.J., and Pernice, M. (2022). Unassembled cell wall proteins form aggregates in the extracellular space of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain UVM4. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 106, 4145-4156. 10.1007/s00253-022-11960-9.
[38]. Pasquini, D., Gori, A., Ferrini, F., and Brunetti, C. (2021). An Improvement of SPME-Based Sampling Technique to Collect Volatile Organic Compounds from Quercus ilex at the Environmental Level. Metabolites 11, 388. 10.3390/metabo11060388.
Cite this article
Zhou,Y.;Liu,K. (2025). One Potential Strategy for Biofuel Production: Isoprene Biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii. Theoretical and Natural Science,116,63-70.
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References
[1]. Ritchie, H., Rosado, P., and Roser, M. (2020). Energy Production and Consumption.
[2]. Perera, F. (2017). Pollution from Fossil-Fuel Combustion is the Leading Environmental Threat to Global Pediatric Health and Equity: Solutions Exist. International journal of environmental research and public health 15, 16. 10.3390/ijerph15010016.
[3]. Höök, M., and Tang, X. (2013). Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change—A review. Energy policy 52, 797-809. 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.046.
[4]. Yolcan, O.O. (2023). World energy outlook and state of renewable energy: 10-Year evaluation. Innovation and Green Development 2, 100070. 10.1016/j.igd.2023.100070.
[5]. Getachew, D., Mulugeta, K., Gemechu, G., and Murugesan, K. (2020). Values and drawbacks of biofuel production from microalgae. Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports 7, 1-6.
[6]. Malode, S.J., Prabhu, K.K., Mascarenhas, R.J., Shetti, N.P., and Aminabhavi, T.M. (2021). Recent advances and viability in biofuel production. Energy conversion and management. X 10, 100070. 10.1016/j.ecmx.2020.100070.
[7]. Quinn, J.C., and Davis, R. (2015). The potentials and challenges of algae based biofuels: A review of the techno-economic, life cycle, and resource assessment modeling. Bioresource technology 184, 444-452. 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.075.
[8]. Morais, A.R., Dworakowska, S., Reis, A., Gouveia, L., Matos, C.T., Bogdał, D., and Bogel-Łukasik, R. (2015). Chemical and biological-based isoprene production: Green metrics. Catalysis Today 239, 38-43.
[9]. Sharkey, T.D., Wiberley, A.E., and Donohue, A.R. (2008). Isoprene Emission from Plants: Why and How. Annals of botany 101, 5-18. 10.1093/aob/mcm240.
[10]. Yahya, R.Z., Wellman, G.B., Overmans, S., and Lauersen, K.J. (2023). Engineered production of isoprene from the model green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Metabolic engineering communications 16, e00221-e00221. 10.1016/j.mec.2023.e00221.
[11]. Abdallah, M.N., Wellman, G.B., Overmans, S., and Lauersen, K.J. (2022). Combinatorial Engineering Enables Photoautotrophic Growth in High Cell Density Phosphite-Buffered Media to Support Engineered Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Bio-Production Concepts. Frontiers in microbiology 13, 885840-885840. 10.3389/fmicb.2022.885840.
[12]. Kropat, J., Hong‐Hermesdorf, A., Casero, D., Ent, P., Castruita, M., Pellegrini, M., Merchant, S.S., and Malasarn, D. (2011). A revised mineral nutrient supplement increases biomass and growth rate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Plant Journal 66, 770-780.
[13]. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2024). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6557, Isoprene. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Isoprene.
[14]. Weraduwage, S.M., Rasulov, B., Sahu, A., Niinemets, Ü., and Sharkey, T.D. (2022). Isoprene measurements to assess plant hydrocarbon emissions and the methylerythritol pathway. In pp. 211-237. 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.020.
[15]. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P.I., and Geron, C. (2006). Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmospheric chemistry and physics 6, 3181-3210. 10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006.
[16]. Perez-Gil, J., Behrendorff, J., Douw, A., and Vickers, C.E. (2024). The methylerythritol phosphate pathway as an oxidative stress sense and response system. Nature communications 15, 5303-5314. 10.1038/s41467-024-49483-8.
[17]. Chaves, J.E., Rueda-Romero, P., Kirst, H., and Melis, A. (2017). Engineering Isoprene Synthase Expression and Activity in Cyanobacteria. ACS synthetic biology 6, 2281-2292. 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00214.
[18]. Zhao, Y., Yang, J., Qin, B., Li, Y., Sun, Y., Su, S., and Xian, M. (2011). Biosynthesis of isoprene in Escherichia coli via methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 90, 1915-1922. 10.1007/s00253-011-3199-1.
[19]. Keller, C.L., Walkling, C.J., Zhang, D.D., Baldwin, L.C., Austin, J.S., and Harvey, B.G. (2023). Designer Biosynthetic Jet Fuels Derived from Isoprene and α‑Olefins. ACS sustainable chemistry & engineering 11, 4030-4039. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05297.
[20]. Rosenkoetter, K.E., Kennedy, C.R., Chirik, P.J., and Harvey, B.G. (2019). [4 + 4]-cycloaddition of isoprene for the production of high-performance bio-based jet fuel. Green chemistry : an international journal and green chemistry resource : GC 21, 5616-5623. 10.1039/c9gc02404b.
[21]. Ye, L., Lv, X., and Yu, H. (2016). Engineering microbes for isoprene production. Metabolic engineering 38, 125-138. 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.07.005.
[22]. Chaves, J.E., and Melis, A. (2018). Engineering isoprene synthesis in cyanobacteria. FEBS letters 592, 2059-2069. 10.1002/1873-3468.13052.
[23]. Vranová, E., Coman, D., and Gruissem, W. (2013). Network analysis of the MVA and MEP pathways for isoprenoid synthesis. Annual review of plant biology 64, 665-700. 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120116.
[24]. Huang, P.-W., Wang, L.-R., Geng, S.-S., Ye, C., Sun, X.-M., and Huang, H. (2021). Strategies for enhancing terpenoids accumulation in microalgae. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 105, 4919-4930. 10.1007/s00253-021-11368-x.
[25]. Weise, S.E., Li, Z., Sutter, A.E., Corrion, A., Banerjee, A., and Sharkey, T.D. (2013). Measuring dimethylallyl diphosphate available for isoprene synthesis. Analytical biochemistry 435, 27-34. 10.1016/j.ab.2012.11.031.
[26]. Davies, F.K., Jinkerson, R.E., and Posewitz, M.C. (2015). Toward a photosynthetic microbial platform for terpenoid engineering. Photosynthesis research 123, 265-284.
[27]. Lohr, M., Schwender, J., and Polle, J.E.W. (2012). Isoprenoid biosynthesis in eukaryotic phototrophs: A spotlight on algae. Plant Science 185-186, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.018.
[28]. Liu, H., Wang, Y., Tang, Q., Kong, W., Chung, W.-J., and Lu, T. (2014). MEP pathway-mediated isopentenol production in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Microbial cell factories 13, 135-135. 10.1186/s12934-014-0135-y.
[29]. Yang, J., Xian, M., Su, S., Zhao, G., Nie, Q., Jiang, X., Zheng, Y., and Liu, W. (2012). Enhancing production of bio-isoprene using hybrid MVA pathway and isoprene synthase in E. coli. PloS one 7, e33509. 10.1371/journal.pone.0033509.
[30]. Sharkey, T.D., Gray, D.W., Pell, H.K., Breneman, S.R., and Topper, L. (2013). ISOPRENE SYNTHASE GENES FORM A MONOPHYLETIC CLADE OF ACYCLIC TERPENE SYNTHASES IN THE TPS-B TERPENE SYNTHASE FAMILY. Evolution 67, 1026-1040. 10.1111/evo.12013.
[31]. Abdallah, M., Wellman, G., Overmans, S., and Lauersen, K.J. (2023). Investigating the capacity for heterologous sesquiterpenoid production from sub-cellular compartments of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
[32]. Gutiérrez, S., Overmans, S., Wellman, G.B., Samaras, V.G., Oviedo, C., Gede, M., Szekely, G., and Lauersen, K.J. (2024). A synthetic biology and green bioprocess approach to recreate agarwood sesquiterpenoid mixtures. Green Chemistry 26, 2577-2591.
[33]. Scholz, M.J., Weiss, T.L., Jinkerson, R.E., Jing, J., Roth, R., Goodenough, U., Posewitz, M.C., and Gerken, H.G. (2014). Ultrastructure and composition of the Nannochloropsis gaditana cell wall. Eukaryotic cell 13, 1450-1464.
[34]. Bellido-Pedraza, C.M., Torres, M.J., and Llamas, A. (2024). The Microalgae Chlamydomonas for Bioremediation and Bioproduct Production. Cells 13. 10.3390/cells13131137.
[35]. Perozeni, F., Pivato, M., Angelini, M., Maricchiolo, E., Pompa, A., and Ballottari, M. (2023). Towards microalga-based superfoods: heterologous expression of zeolin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Frontiers in plant science 14, 1184064-1184064. 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184064.
[36]. Perozeni, F., Pivato, M., Angelini, M., Maricchiolo, E., Pompa, A., and Ballottari, M. (2023). Towards microalga-based superfoods: heterologous expression of zeolin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Frontiers in plant science 14, 1184064-1184064. 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184064.
[37]. Barolo, L., Commault, A.S., Abbriano, R.M., Padula, M.P., Kim, M., Kuzhiumparambil, U., Ralph, P.J., and Pernice, M. (2022). Unassembled cell wall proteins form aggregates in the extracellular space of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain UVM4. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 106, 4145-4156. 10.1007/s00253-022-11960-9.
[38]. Pasquini, D., Gori, A., Ferrini, F., and Brunetti, C. (2021). An Improvement of SPME-Based Sampling Technique to Collect Volatile Organic Compounds from Quercus ilex at the Environmental Level. Metabolites 11, 388. 10.3390/metabo11060388.