CAR T cell therapy: Current limitations and advancements in treating solid tumors

Research Article
Open access

CAR T cell therapy: Current limitations and advancements in treating solid tumors

Sofia Zhou Zhang 1*
  • 1 American School of Rio De Janeiro    
  • *corresponding author sofia.zhou.zhang@gmail.com
Published on 20 December 2023 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/22/20230978
TNS Vol.22
ISSN (Print): 2753-8826
ISSN (Online): 2753-8818
ISBN (Print): 978-1-83558-217-6
ISBN (Online): 978-1-83558-218-3

Abstract

An emerging technology that tackles cancer via immunotherapy known as CAR T cell therapy has been gaining great popularity after its success in treating leukemia and other forms of blood cancer. However, major advancement to treat other forms of cancer have not been attained as this treatment is still facing major obstacles in addressing solid tumors due to tumor heterogeneity, hostile microenvironment, on-target/off-tumor toxicities, antigen specificity, and difficult infiltration. Moreover, this treatment has also been associated with threatening side-effects like mass dieoff of antibody producing B cells, CRS, and ICANS. Thus, because of simplified manipulation yet lack of knowledge of the physiology behind the mechanisms, significant progress has not yet been achieved-though on its way. Scientists explored multiple ways of addressing these major challenges by researching on feasible techniques, antigens, and mechanisms that can increase T cell reproduction, decrease toxicity, overcome and infiltrate into the hostile microenvironment, and target multiple antigens via TAA. It is a technology that is not yet fully developed; therefore, physicians still opt to target cancer via other forms of immunotherapies, adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies including chemotherapy, drug consumption, and surgery. As clinical results for CAR T cell therapy have not presented prosperous results in targeting solid tumors, the future for research on solid tumors is still unclear. Scientists might either opt for other methods like microwave ablation, the use of TT fields, different combinations of current therapies to maximize efficiency, and ADCs.

Keywords:

CAR T cell therapy, side-effects, determinants, solid tumors, technology

Zhang,S.Z. (2023). CAR T cell therapy: Current limitations and advancements in treating solid tumors. Theoretical and Natural Science,22,191-196.
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References

[1]. Car T cells: Engineering immune cells to treat cancer. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells

[2]. Ma S, Li X, Wang X, Cheng L, Li Z, Zhang C, Ye Z, Qian Q. Current Progress in CAR-T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors. Int J Biol Sci. 15(12): 2548-2560 (2019).

[3]. Fraietta JA, Lacey SF, Orlando EJ, et al. Determinants of response and resistance to CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Med. 24(5): 563-571 (2018).

[4]. Cosenza, M.; Sacchi, S.; Pozzi, S. Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with T-Cell-Based Therapies for Hematological Malignancies: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22: 7652. (2021).

[5]. Neelapu, SS. Managing the toxicities of CAR T-cell therapy. Hematological Oncology. 37( S1): 48-52 (2019);

[6]. Sterner, R.C., Sterner, R.M. CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies. Blood Cancer J. 11, 69 (2021).

[7]. Liu, G., Rui, W., Zhao, X. et al. Enhancing CAR-T cell efficacy in solid tumors by targeting the tumor microenvironment. Cell Mol Immunol 18, 1085–1095 (2021).

[8]. Zhang, X., Zhu, L., Zhang, H., Chen, S., & Xiao, Y. CAR-T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Current Opportunities and Challenges. Frontiers in immunology, 13: 927153, (2022).

[9]. Lin, H., Cheng, J., Mu, W., Zhou, J., & Zhu, L. Advances in Universal CAR-T Cell Therapy. Frontiers in immunology, 12, 744823, (2021).

[10]. Brudno, J. N., and Kochenderfer, J. N. Recent advances in CAR T-cell toxicity: Mechanisms, manifestations and management. Blood reviews, 34, 45–55, (2019).

Cite this article

Zhang,S.Z. (2023). CAR T cell therapy: Current limitations and advancements in treating solid tumors. Theoretical and Natural Science,22,191-196.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science

ISBN：978-1-83558-217-6(Print) / 978-1-83558-218-3(Online)
Editor：Alan Wang
Conference website: https://www.icbiomed.org/
Conference date: 2 September 2023
Series: Theoretical and Natural Science
Volume number: Vol.22
ISSN：2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

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References

[1]. Car T cells: Engineering immune cells to treat cancer. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells

[2]. Ma S, Li X, Wang X, Cheng L, Li Z, Zhang C, Ye Z, Qian Q. Current Progress in CAR-T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors. Int J Biol Sci. 15(12): 2548-2560 (2019).

[3]. Fraietta JA, Lacey SF, Orlando EJ, et al. Determinants of response and resistance to CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Med. 24(5): 563-571 (2018).

[4]. Cosenza, M.; Sacchi, S.; Pozzi, S. Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with T-Cell-Based Therapies for Hematological Malignancies: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22: 7652. (2021).

[5]. Neelapu, SS. Managing the toxicities of CAR T-cell therapy. Hematological Oncology. 37( S1): 48-52 (2019);

[6]. Sterner, R.C., Sterner, R.M. CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies. Blood Cancer J. 11, 69 (2021).

[7]. Liu, G., Rui, W., Zhao, X. et al. Enhancing CAR-T cell efficacy in solid tumors by targeting the tumor microenvironment. Cell Mol Immunol 18, 1085–1095 (2021).

[8]. Zhang, X., Zhu, L., Zhang, H., Chen, S., & Xiao, Y. CAR-T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Current Opportunities and Challenges. Frontiers in immunology, 13: 927153, (2022).

[9]. Lin, H., Cheng, J., Mu, W., Zhou, J., & Zhu, L. Advances in Universal CAR-T Cell Therapy. Frontiers in immunology, 12, 744823, (2021).

[10]. Brudno, J. N., and Kochenderfer, J. N. Recent advances in CAR T-cell toxicity: Mechanisms, manifestations and management. Blood reviews, 34, 45–55, (2019).

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