Download pdf
The Conservation of Endemic Species--Take Galapagos Penguins as an Example
- 1 Keystone Academy, Hefei, China
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Endemic species refers to the species that are distributes only in a certain region of the world. Galapagos penguins, well-known as one of the smallest penguins in size, can be used as a typical example of endemic species. Since the extinction of endemic species in one place may lead to the extinction of the whole population of the species, endemic species may need some special attentions from the public. Unfortunately, Galapagos penguins, as a kind of endemic species, after being severely affected by ENSO event and human activities such as bycatch, is at the brink of extinction at the moment. Given that climate change is making ENSO even more frequently in the future, it is highly possible that without further intervention, the species of Galapagos penguins will be lost forever.
Keywords
Galapagos penguins, ENSO, climate change, conservation
[1]. “Galapagos Penguin Species.” Galapagos Conservation Trust, 11 Aug. 2021, https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/wildlife/galapagos-penguin/.
[2]. Valle, Carlos A. The Impact of the 1982-1983 El Nino-Southern Oscillation on Seabirds in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, https://sci- hub.se/https:/doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC13p14437.
[3]. Global impacts of El Niño and La Niña. (n.d.). NOAA Climate.gov. Retrieved October 1, 2022, from https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/global-impacts-el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a
[4]. World of Change: El Niño, La Niña, and Rainfall. (n.d.). Earth Observatory. Retrieved October 1, 2022, from https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/ENSO
[5]. Boersma, P. D. (1998). Population Trends of the Galápagos Penguin: Impacts of El Niño and La Niña. Oxford Journals, 100(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/1370265
[6]. Quan, J. (2021, March 23). Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute. Retrieved October 1, 2022, from https://marinescience.ucdavis.edu/blog/upwelling
[7]. Boersma, P. D. (1978). Breeding Patterns of Galapagos Penguins as an Indicator of Oceanographic Conditions. Science, 200.
[8]. Valle, C. A., Cruz, F., Cruz, J. B., Merlen, G., & Coulter, M. C. (1987). The impact of the 1982–1983 El Niño‐Southern Oscillation on seabirds in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. JGR Oceans, 92(C13).
[9]. HernánVargas, F., Harrison, S., Rea, S., & W.Macdonald, D. (2006). Biological effects of El Niño on the Galápagos penguin. Biological Conservation, 127(1), 107-124.
[10]. Cai, Wenju, et al. “Increasing Frequency of Extreme El Niño Events Due to Greenhouse Warming.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 19 Jan. 2014, https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2100.
[11]. Crawford, R., Ellenberg, U., Frere, E., Hagen, C., Baird, K., Brewin, P., Crofts, S., Glass, J., Mattern, T., Pompert, J., Ross, K., Kemper, J., Ludynia, K., Sherley, R., Steinfurth, A., Suazo, C., Yorio, P., Tamini, L., Mangel, J., Small, C. (2017). Tangled and drowned: A global review of penguin bycatch in fisheries. Endangered Species Research, 34, 373-396.
[12]. Galapagos Penguin - Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. http://eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/galapagos/expert%20topics%202007%20(bonine)/Lauerman_galapagospenguin.pdf.
[13]. Byrne, Beth. “Professionalising the Use of Drone Technology in Galapagos - GCT.” Galapagos Conservation Trust, 23 Dec. 2021, https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/professionalising-the-use-of-drone- technology-in-galapagos/.
[14]. “Plastic Pollution Free Galapagos Archives.” Galapagos Conservation Trust, https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/category/project/plastic-pollution-free- galapagos-programme/.
[15]. Mawdsley, J. R., O'malley, R., & Ojima, D. S. (2009). A review of climate-change adaptation strategies for wildlife management and biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology, 23(5), 1080-1089.
[16]. Eve McDonald-Madden, Michael C. Runge, Hugh P. Possingham, & Tara G. Martin. (2001). Optimal timing for managed relocation of species faced with climate change. Nature Climate Change, 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1170
[17]. Safeguarding Galápagos Penguins from Climate Change. (n.d.). Galapagos Conservancy. Retrieved October 1, 2022, from https://www.galapagos.org/projects/saving-species/safeguarding-galapagos-penguins-from-climate-change/
[18]. Current Status, Analysis of Census Methodology, and Conservation of the Galapagos Penguin, Spheniscus mendiculus. https://aquadocs.org/bitstream/handle/1834/23940/NG_58_1997_Mills%2526Var gas_Galapagos_penguin.pdf?sequence=1.
[19]. Fisheries, NOAA. “What Is Bycatch?” NOAA, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/node/251.
[20]. Gallagher, Katherine. “Why Is the Galapagos Penguin Endangered? Threats and How You Can Help.” Treehugger, Treehugger, 13 July 2022, https://www.treehugger.com/galapagos-penguin-5220507.
[21]. “Galápagos Penguin.” WWF, World Wildlife Fund, https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/galapagos-penguin.
[22]. Gct, Gct. “A Network to Catch Marine Invasive Species.” Galapagos Conservation Trust, 15 June 2022, https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/a-network-to-catch-marine-invasive-species.
[23]. “Habitat Zone Archives.” Discovering Galapagos, https://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/tag/habitat-zone/.
[24]. Tangled and Drowned: A Global Review of Penguin Bycatch in Fisheries. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cristian_Suazo/publication/320348412_Tangled_and_drowned_A_global_review_of_penguin_bycatch_in_fisheries/links/5a544876aca2725638cb67b8/Tangled-and-drowned-A-global-review-of-penguin-bycatch-in-fisheries.pdf.
[25]. “The Value of Biodiversity.” Discovering Galapagos, 1 Jan. 2017, https://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/discover/sustainable- development/conservation-and-sustainability/the-value-of-biodiversity/.
[26]. Vargas, F. Hernán, et al. “Biological Effects of El Niño on the Galápagos Penguin.” Biological Conservation, Elsevier, 13 Sept. 2005, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320705003095.
Cite this article
Yan,J. (2023). The Conservation of Endemic Species--Take Galapagos Penguins as an Example. Theoretical and Natural Science,4,383-390.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
Disclaimer/Publisher's Note
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s). EWA Publishing and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
About volume
Volume title: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science (ICBioMed 2022), Part II
© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who
publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this
series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published
version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial
publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and
during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See
Open access policy for details).