A Brief Overview of the Big Bang Theory with Frontier Attachments

Research Article
Open access

A Brief Overview of the Big Bang Theory with Frontier Attachments

Xiangyu Zhu 1* , Jincheng Zhu 2 , Mingxuan Zhang 3
  • 1 Xiangyu Zhu New Channel Zhengzhou School, Zhengzhou 450000, China    
  • 2 Jincheng Zhu Shanghai United International School Qingpu Campus, Shanghai 201703, China    
  • 3 Beijing International Bilingual Academy, Beijing 101318, China    
  • *corresponding author chuhsiangyu@outlook.com
TNS Vol.5
ISSN (Print): 2753-8826
ISSN (Online): 2753-8818
ISBN (Print): 978-1-915371-53-9
ISBN (Online): 978-1-915371-54-6

Abstract

The work briefly summarizes the Standard Big Bang Model, with some new frontier works demonstrating a more realistic Big Bang scenario. The main contributions are from the development of String Theory and Cosmology. The deduction and establishment of the Big Bang Theory undergo continuous contributions, from the microwave background radiation and the observation of Hubble's constant, the first impression resulting in the basic structure of the theory, to the later works, such as Friedman's equation, which introduced the theory to be rational. While there are still many details waiting to be fully understood, in this summary, we review the extensive bang process from the perspective of frontier research in string theory, both singular and non-singular models, and the related scenarios derived from the standard model of the big bang theory. We also examine the evidence supporting the model and the pre-big bang cosmology and provide a brief overview of the universe's fate based on the trend of Hubble's constant about string theory. The scenarios under different evolutive trends of Hubble's constant, related briefly to the string theory, were roughly calculated and proved to demonstrate the final state, or the universe's fate, where there is evidence for an always-existing universe. We also demonstrate the possible scenario of a cyclic model, which may be an alternative model for the real sense of the universe's evolution.

Keywords:

cosmology, string theory, Big Bang Model, pre-big-bang cosmology, inflation, duality symmetry.

Zhu,X.;Zhu,J.;Zhang,M. (2023). A Brief Overview of the Big Bang Theory with Frontier Attachments. Theoretical and Natural Science,5,87-94.
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References

[1]. Chow, Tai L.: Gravity, Black Holes, and the Very Early Universe: An Introduction to General Relativity and Cosmology.

[2]. Ryden: Astronomy 162: Professor Barbara Ryden, curvature of the universe. Borde: Inflationary spacetimes are not past-complete

[3]. Ryden: Astronomy 162: Professor Barbara Ryden, the universe's curvature. Borde: Inflationary spacetimes are not past-complete

[4]. Peebles, P. James E. Et al. Finding the big bang: Albert Einstein Professor of Science Emeritus in the Department of Physics at Princeton University, New Jersey.Lyman A. Page, Jr is Henry DeWolf Smyth Professor of Physics in the Department of Physics at Princeton University.R. Bruce Partridge is Marshall Professor of Natural sciences at Haverford College

[5]. M. Et al.: The fate of (phantom) dark energy universe with string curvature corrections Toporensky, Alexey, Tretjakov, Peter V., Tsujikawa, Shinji.

[6]. M. Gasperini: From pre- to post-big bang: an (almost) self-dual cosmological history Andrei Linde 2017 Rep. Prog. Phys. 80 022001

[7]. Guth, Alan H. (1998) [Originally published 1997]. The Inflationary Universe: Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins. Foreword by Alan Lightman. London: Vintage Books.

[8]. R. Nave. Models of earlier events. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/planck.html

[9]. Schewe, Phillip F.; Stein, Ben P. (20 April 2005). "An Ocean of Quarks". Physics News Update.

[10]. V. Sahni, Y. Shtanov, JCAP 0311 (2003) 014; P.F. Gonzalez-Diaz, Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003)

[11]. Kolb&Turner(Kolb, Edward; Turner, Michael): The Early Universe. Frontiers in Physics. Vol. 70

[12]. Hawking, Stephen W. (1988). A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes.

[13]. Neta, A. Bahcall Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544

[14]. Wall, Mike (24 June 2012). "The Big Bang Didn't Need God to Start Universe, Researchers Say".

[15]. Lincoln, Maya; Wasser, Avi (1 December 2013). "Spontaneous creation of the Universe Ex Nihilo". Physics of the Dark Universe.”

[16]. Hawking, Stephen W. (1988). A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes.

[17]. NASA science team: NASA/WMAP Science Team (29 June 2015). "What is the Ultimate Fate of the universe?

[18]. DYNAMICS OF DARK ENERGY International Journal of Modern Physics DVol. 15, No. 11, pp. 1753-1935 (2006)

[19]. Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner, eds. (2010) [Originally published 1979]. General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey. Cambridge, UK:

Cite this article

Zhu,X.;Zhu,J.;Zhang,M. (2023). A Brief Overview of the Big Bang Theory with Frontier Attachments. Theoretical and Natural Science,5,87-94.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computing Innovation and Applied Physics (CONF-CIAP 2023)

ISBN：978-1-915371-53-9(Print) / 978-1-915371-54-6(Online)
Editor：Marwan Omar, Roman Bauer
Conference website: https://www.confciap.org/
Conference date: 25 March 2023
Series: Theoretical and Natural Science
Volume number: Vol.5
ISSN：2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

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References

[1]. Chow, Tai L.: Gravity, Black Holes, and the Very Early Universe: An Introduction to General Relativity and Cosmology.

[2]. Ryden: Astronomy 162: Professor Barbara Ryden, curvature of the universe. Borde: Inflationary spacetimes are not past-complete

[3]. Ryden: Astronomy 162: Professor Barbara Ryden, the universe's curvature. Borde: Inflationary spacetimes are not past-complete

[4]. Peebles, P. James E. Et al. Finding the big bang: Albert Einstein Professor of Science Emeritus in the Department of Physics at Princeton University, New Jersey.Lyman A. Page, Jr is Henry DeWolf Smyth Professor of Physics in the Department of Physics at Princeton University.R. Bruce Partridge is Marshall Professor of Natural sciences at Haverford College

[5]. M. Et al.: The fate of (phantom) dark energy universe with string curvature corrections Toporensky, Alexey, Tretjakov, Peter V., Tsujikawa, Shinji.

[6]. M. Gasperini: From pre- to post-big bang: an (almost) self-dual cosmological history Andrei Linde 2017 Rep. Prog. Phys. 80 022001

[7]. Guth, Alan H. (1998) [Originally published 1997]. The Inflationary Universe: Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins. Foreword by Alan Lightman. London: Vintage Books.

[8]. R. Nave. Models of earlier events. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/planck.html

[9]. Schewe, Phillip F.; Stein, Ben P. (20 April 2005). "An Ocean of Quarks". Physics News Update.

[10]. V. Sahni, Y. Shtanov, JCAP 0311 (2003) 014; P.F. Gonzalez-Diaz, Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003)

[11]. Kolb&Turner(Kolb, Edward; Turner, Michael): The Early Universe. Frontiers in Physics. Vol. 70

[12]. Hawking, Stephen W. (1988). A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes.

[13]. Neta, A. Bahcall Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544

[14]. Wall, Mike (24 June 2012). "The Big Bang Didn't Need God to Start Universe, Researchers Say".

[15]. Lincoln, Maya; Wasser, Avi (1 December 2013). "Spontaneous creation of the Universe Ex Nihilo". Physics of the Dark Universe.”

[16]. Hawking, Stephen W. (1988). A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes.

[17]. NASA science team: NASA/WMAP Science Team (29 June 2015). "What is the Ultimate Fate of the universe?

[18]. DYNAMICS OF DARK ENERGY International Journal of Modern Physics DVol. 15, No. 11, pp. 1753-1935 (2006)

[19]. Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner, eds. (2010) [Originally published 1979]. General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey. Cambridge, UK:

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