Comprehensive Overview: The History, Structure, Composition, and Mechanism of Ibuprofen

Research Article
Open access

Comprehensive Overview: The History, Structure, Composition, and Mechanism of Ibuprofen

Zirong Jiang 1 , Ziyan Liu 2*
  • 1 Great Neck South High School, Great Neck, United States    
  • 2 Shanghai Weiyu High School, Shanghai, China    
  • *corresponding author 19946105992@163.com
Published on 19 June 2025 | https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2025.24230
TNS Vol.115
ISSN (Print): 2753-8826
ISSN (Online): 2753-8818
ISBN (Print): 978-1-80590-193-8
ISBN (Online): 978-1-80590-194-5

Abstract

One typical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAID) in the home is ibuprofen and this paper will discuss the aforementioned organic compound. In this work, the history, structure and composition, mechanism, binding and metabolism of ibuprofen are covered. The two researchers will attempt to explain different stages of the development of the drug as well as research surrounding the drug. Afterwards, the paper will cover functional groups, bonds, enantiomers of the drug. Lastly, the paper will delve into the more intricate workings of ibuprofen including the process of different synthesis of prostaglandin, ranging from PGF2α, PGE2, PGD2 to TXA2, distribution of different prostaglandins in different human issues and functions of prostaglandins, differences between COX-1 and COX-2, how COX is binded, and primary and secondary metabolism.

Keywords:

ibuprofen, structure, prostaglandin, COX, metabolism

Jiang,Z.;Liu,Z. (2025). Comprehensive Overview: The History, Structure, Composition, and Mechanism of Ibuprofen. Theoretical and Natural Science,115,137-142.
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References

[1]. The Pharmaceutical Journal. (2017) A brief history of ibuprofen. https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/infographics/a-brief-history-of-ibuprofen

[2]. Marshall, S. F., Bernstein, L., Anton-Culver, H., Deapen, D., Horn-Ross, P. L., Mohrenweiser, H., Peel, D., Pinder, R., Purdie, D. M., Reynolds, P., Stram, D., West, D., Wright, W. E., Ziogas, A., & Ross, R. K. (2005). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and breast cancer risk by stage and hormone receptor status. Journal of the National Cancer Institute., 97: 805–812.

[3]. Chen H, Jacobs E, Schwarzschild M et al. (2005) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and the risk for Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol ;58:963–967.

[4]. Vlad, S. C., Miller, D. R., Kowall, N. W., & Felson, D. T. (2008) Protective effects of NSAIDs on the development of Alzheimer disease. Neurology., 70: 1672–1677.

[5]. Sondergaard, K. B., Weeke, P., Wissenberg, M., Olsen, A. S., Fosbol, E. L., Lippert, F. K., Torp-Pedersen, C., Gislason, G. H., & Folke, F. (2016) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is associated with increased risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide case-time-control study. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy., 356:100–107.

[6]. DrugBank Online. Ibuprofen: Uses, interactions, mechanism of action. https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01050

[7]. Zeng, Y., Wang, Y., Liang, Z., & Jiao, Z. (2020) The study of chiral recognition on ibuprofen enantiomers by a fluorescent probe based on β-cyclodextrin modified ZnS: Mn quantum dots. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.119002

[8]. Ricciotti, E, & FitzGerald, G. A. (2011) Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology., 31: 986–1000.

[9]. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2024) Prostaglandin | Definition, Function, Synthesis, & Facts. https://www.britannica.com/science/prostaglandin

[10]. Mediators of Inflammation. (2012) PGI2 as a regulator of inflammatory diseases. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22851816/

[11]. BMC Veterinary Research. (2019). Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) production possibility and its receptors expression in the early- and late cleavedpreimplantation bovine embryos. https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1939-0

[12]. Wang, J, Liu, M, Zhang, X, Yang, G, & Chen, L.(2018) Physiological and pathophysiological implications of PGE2 and the PGE2 synthases in the kidney. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators., 134: 1- 6.

[13]. PubMed. (2024) Physiology, Thromboxane A2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969639/

[14]. Mediators of Inflammation. (2012) PGD synthase and PGD2 in immune response. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/503128

[15]. Karim, S. M. M., Sandler, M., & Williams, E. D. (1967) Distribution of prostaglandins in human tissues. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy., 31: 340–344

[16]. Blobaum, A. L., & Marnett, L. J. (2007) Structural and functional basis of cyclooxygenase inhibition. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry., 50: 1425–1441.

[17]. Mazaleuskaya, L. L., Theken, K. N., Gong, L., Thorn, C. F., FitzGerald, G. A., Altman, R. B., & Klein, T. E. (2014) PharmGKB summary. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics., 23: 96–106.


Cite this article

Jiang,Z.;Liu,Z. (2025). Comprehensive Overview: The History, Structure, Composition, and Mechanism of Ibuprofen. Theoretical and Natural Science,115,137-142.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Modern Medicine and Global Health

ISBN:978-1-80590-193-8(Print) / 978-1-80590-194-5(Online)
Editor:Sheiladevi Sukumaran
Conference website: https://2025.icmmgh.org/
Conference date: 20 January 2025
Series: Theoretical and Natural Science
Volume number: Vol.115
ISSN:2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

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References

[1]. The Pharmaceutical Journal. (2017) A brief history of ibuprofen. https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/infographics/a-brief-history-of-ibuprofen

[2]. Marshall, S. F., Bernstein, L., Anton-Culver, H., Deapen, D., Horn-Ross, P. L., Mohrenweiser, H., Peel, D., Pinder, R., Purdie, D. M., Reynolds, P., Stram, D., West, D., Wright, W. E., Ziogas, A., & Ross, R. K. (2005). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and breast cancer risk by stage and hormone receptor status. Journal of the National Cancer Institute., 97: 805–812.

[3]. Chen H, Jacobs E, Schwarzschild M et al. (2005) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and the risk for Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol ;58:963–967.

[4]. Vlad, S. C., Miller, D. R., Kowall, N. W., & Felson, D. T. (2008) Protective effects of NSAIDs on the development of Alzheimer disease. Neurology., 70: 1672–1677.

[5]. Sondergaard, K. B., Weeke, P., Wissenberg, M., Olsen, A. S., Fosbol, E. L., Lippert, F. K., Torp-Pedersen, C., Gislason, G. H., & Folke, F. (2016) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is associated with increased risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide case-time-control study. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy., 356:100–107.

[6]. DrugBank Online. Ibuprofen: Uses, interactions, mechanism of action. https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01050

[7]. Zeng, Y., Wang, Y., Liang, Z., & Jiao, Z. (2020) The study of chiral recognition on ibuprofen enantiomers by a fluorescent probe based on β-cyclodextrin modified ZnS: Mn quantum dots. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.119002

[8]. Ricciotti, E, & FitzGerald, G. A. (2011) Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology., 31: 986–1000.

[9]. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2024) Prostaglandin | Definition, Function, Synthesis, & Facts. https://www.britannica.com/science/prostaglandin

[10]. Mediators of Inflammation. (2012) PGI2 as a regulator of inflammatory diseases. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22851816/

[11]. BMC Veterinary Research. (2019). Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) production possibility and its receptors expression in the early- and late cleavedpreimplantation bovine embryos. https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1939-0

[12]. Wang, J, Liu, M, Zhang, X, Yang, G, & Chen, L.(2018) Physiological and pathophysiological implications of PGE2 and the PGE2 synthases in the kidney. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators., 134: 1- 6.

[13]. PubMed. (2024) Physiology, Thromboxane A2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969639/

[14]. Mediators of Inflammation. (2012) PGD synthase and PGD2 in immune response. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/503128

[15]. Karim, S. M. M., Sandler, M., & Williams, E. D. (1967) Distribution of prostaglandins in human tissues. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy., 31: 340–344

[16]. Blobaum, A. L., & Marnett, L. J. (2007) Structural and functional basis of cyclooxygenase inhibition. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry., 50: 1425–1441.

[17]. Mazaleuskaya, L. L., Theken, K. N., Gong, L., Thorn, C. F., FitzGerald, G. A., Altman, R. B., & Klein, T. E. (2014) PharmGKB summary. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics., 23: 96–106.